Transcript Part 1 Introduction to Health Psychology only 19 Pages for Thinking

Part 1
An Introduction to Health
Psychology.
Chosen & Modified
By
Eisa Ali Johali
Adopted from Dr Dominic Upton
Critical Exercise 1
Population Growth
Year
1
1000
1500
1650
1850
1930
1950
2000
2022
Population (millions)
170
265
425
545
1200
2000
2500
5750
6500-8000 (estimate)
Why this population grow ?
(Answer later)
Two Possible Factors
Increasing birth rate. •
Decreasing death rate. •
(Growth=Birth rate (BR)-Death rate •
(DR)
The answer…
• Birth rate remained stable.
• Death rate has decreased substantially.
• But why?? What factors have led to the
improvement in death rates?
Ref Q
Reducing
mortality rates
this century.
But when was
the treatment
introduced?
Life expectancy improvements.
• Great improvement in life expectancy over the
past century.
• McKeown (1979): Life expectancy has nothing to
do with medical improvements, but to do with
social improvements.
A nice quote…:
• “Medical measures (both chemotherapeutic
and prophylactic) appear to have contributed
little to the overall decline in mortality in the
United States since 1900…”
McKinlay and McKinlay (1981)
Patterns of illness.
• Until the twentieth century, people typically died
from
nutritional deficiencies and infectious diseases.
• In developed countries, infectious diseases are
largely controlled.
• Declining infant mortality led to increasing life
expectancy.
• With increased life expectancy, chronic illnesses
(diseases of ageing) are now more prevalent.
Deaths, selected causes 1950s and now (per 1,000
deaths)
500
400
300
200
100
1950s
Now
s
io
n
ec
t
In
f
C
an
ce
r
n
tio
C
ir
cu
la
ry
at
o
R
es
pi
r
A
cc
id
en
ts
/v
i
ol
en
ce
0
Major killers.
1900
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pneumonia
TB
Diarrhoea
Heart disease
Kidney
Accidents
Cancer
Now
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heart disease
Cancer
Liver disease
Athersosclerosis
Accidents
Pneumonia
Diabetes
Think in Differences ?!!
How successful is modern
medicine?
Not very: major killers are still around. •
What factor do the major killer (heart disease, •
cancer, liver disease, accidents) have in
common?
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Aim of the subject.
To examine the range of
psychosocial factors that influence
people’s health behaviour, their
susceptibility and reactions to
illness states and responses to
medical treatment.
Definition of health
psychology.
“the aggregate of the specific educational,
scientific, and professional contributions of the
discipline of psychology to the promotion and
maintenance of health, the prevention and
treatment of illness, the identification of etiologic
and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and
related dysfunction, and to the analysis and
improvement of the health care system and health
policy formation.”
(Matarazzo, 1982).
Perspectives on health and
illness.
Biomedical model- most widely •
used, but useful?
Biopsychosocial perspective •
BIO (Biological factors)
Physiology and genetics
PSYCHO (Psychological factors)
Cognitions, emotions, motivation
SOCIAL (Social factors)
Society, interpersonal relationships
family
Answer these questions for the
biomedical and biopsychosocial models
of health and illness.
What causes illness?
Who is responsible for illness?
How should illness be treated?
Who is responsible for treatment?
What is the relationship between
health and illness?
What is the relationship between
mind
and body?
What is the role of psychology in
health and illness?
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
Roles of Psych in H Fields:
Recent developments in health
psychology.
Health promotion
Psychological states
and illness
Cognitive factors
Stress and illness
Coping
Social support
•
•
•
•
•
•
Social factors: class
and gender
Pain
Pain management
Adherence to
treatment
•
•
•
•
Conclusion.
• Improvements in life expectancy have come
about for a variety of reasons: most not
concerned with medical factors.
• Biomedical model is most widely used, but
does not offer a full explanation of health and
illness.
• The Biopsychosocial model offers a fuller
explanation.
• Health
psychology
is
concerned
with the role of psychology in all
aspects of health and illness.
Marks (1996, p.18):
“Health psychology is at an
exciting and formative stage
of development.”