Assessment of the Abdomen
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Transcript Assessment of the Abdomen
Assessment of the Abdomen
By Freida Fuller-Jonap
fulerjonap_f
678-547-6742
The Abdominal Assessment
Includes
the lower end of the
esophagus
stomach
kidneys
edge of the urinary
bladder
spleen
liver
gallbladder
uterus
large and small
intestines
peritoneum
Health History Data Should
Include
Diet nutrition
level of stress
alcohol/cigarette
smoking
medications
stood
urinary
exposure to infectious
disease
possibility of
pregnancy
family history
previous GI or GU
trauma
specific problems
related to GI tract and
GU system
Assessment should occur in a
particular order
Inspection
Ausculatation
Percussion
Palpation
Inspection
Skin: color, texture, scars, lesions, striae,
rashes, wounds, incisions, ostomies, etc
Color:
Grey Turner Sign
jaundice
ascites
Vascularity
Striae
Inspect the Umbilicus
Cullen’s sign
Contour: flat, rounded, concave, protuberant
Assymetry
Masses
Movement
Pulsations of the aorta
Peristalsis of intestines
Auscultation
Bowel sounds
hyperactive
hypoactive
Absent
Vascular Sounds
Bruits
aorta
renal arteries
iliac arteries
Friction Rubs
Percussion
Tympany
Liver Span: normal span 6-12 cm.
Liver enlargement, hepatomegaly is
characterist of liver tumors, cirrhosis,
abscess, and vascular engorgement
Fist Percussion of CVA
Palpation
Light palpation
Deep palpation
Palpation of the Liver
Palpation of the spleen
Palpating kidneys
Palpating the urinary bladder
Special Abdominal Tests
Ascites
Fluid Wave
Fluid Shift
Special Abdominal Tests
(continued)
Ballottement Technique
Appendicitis
Rebound tenderness (Blumberg’s sign
Rovsing’s
Referred rebound tenderness
Psoas
Oburator sign
Acute cholecystitis
Murphy’s sign
Diagnostic Testing
Ultrasound of the Abdomen: visualize
abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, bile ducts, spleen kidneys,
ureters, and bladder
CT of the Abdomen
MRI: less accurate that CT for most
abdominal diseases, maybe better for liver
and pelvis that CT
Tests for Gallbladder Diseases
Bilirubin
Direct
Indirect
Diagnostic Study for the
Pancreas
Serum Amylase
Liver Studies
Ammonia: hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic
encephalopathy
Prothrombin Time: cirrhosis, hepatitis, bile
duct obstruction,
ALT (alanine aminotransferase: hepatitis,
liver necrosis, cirrhosis, cholestasis, tumor
and hepatotoxic drugs
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) Used to
be SGOT. Hepatitis, gallstone, cirrhosis
AST/ALT ratio: cirrhosis, liver congestion,
tumors
ALP (alkaline phosphatase): cirrhosis,
biliary obstruction, liver tumor
Diagnostic Tests for Kidney
Disorders
BUN: metabolic function of the liver and
excretory function of the kidney
Increased: renal disease/failure, nephrotoxic drugs
GI bleeding, excessive protein ingestion
Decreased: Liver failure, overhydration,
malnutrition, malabsorption, nephrotic syndrome
Creatinine
Potassium
Urinalysis
Protein
Leukocyte esterase
Nitrates
Urine for C & S
IVP: intravenous pyelogram
KUB: Kidneys, ureters, bladder
Diagnostic Tests for
Gastrointestinal System
EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy):
tumors, esophageal diverticula, hiatal
hernia, esophagitis, gastritis…
Barium enema
Barium Swallow
Colonoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy