Transcript Aim: In what ways is population distributed throughout the world?

Topic: World Health Threats
• Aim: How do countries undergo an epidemiologic
transition?
• Do Now: Describe what you feel are some of the
greatest health threats to the United States and
the world today.
Epidemiology
• Branch of medicine concerned
with the incidence, distribution,
and control of diseases that affect
large numbers of people
• Rely heavily on geographic
concepts such as scale and
connection
• Epidemiologic Transition
Model: Focuses on the specific
causes of death in each stage of
the demographic transition
World Health Map
• http://www.healthmap.org/en/
Stage 1- ‘Pestilence and Famine’
• Infectious & parasitic disease key causes of human death
(e.g. - the Black Plague of 1348/1349)
• About 25 million Europeans died, ½ of the continent’s
population
• Huge impact on economic, social, and political makeup of
nations
Stage 2- Receding Pandemics
• Pandemic
• Disease that occurs over a
wide geographic area and
affects a high proportion
of a given population
– HIV/AIDS in Africa (modern
day)
– Cholera in the 19th century
Cholera in the
Nineteenth Century:
•Distribution of cholera
victims and water pumps
to prove that the cause
of the infection was
contamination of the
pump near the corner of
Broad and Lexington
streets
The highest rates of HIV infection are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China
have relatively high numbers of HIV-positive adults, but they constitute a lower
percentage of the total population.
Stages 3 & 4: Degenerative & Human-Created Diseases
• Decrease in deaths from
infectious disease (Polio,
AIDS, Cholera, Yellow
Fever, etc)
• Increase in deaths from
chronic disorders, primarily
heart diseases and various
cancers
• Stage 4 (Olshansky, Ault)
Degenerative diseases are
delayed due to medical
advances
Stage 5 ?
• Possible increase in CDR
• Reemergence of infectious and parasitic
diseases. 3 possible factors:
1. Evolution: diseases genetically evolve to be
resistant to medicine (i.e.- Malaria)
2. Poverty: Diseases that are expensive to cure
affect LDC’s the most (i.e.- tuberculosis)
3. Improved Travel/Globalization: Increased
travel within countries and between them
causes increase in spread of infectious disease
The first cases of avian flu were recorded in Southeast Asia.
How did it diffuse?
Death from tuberculosis is a good indicator of a country's ability to
invest in health care, because treating the disease is expensive.
Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats?
• Health Care
– Countries possess different resources to care for people
who are sick
• Expenditures on health care
–More than 15 percent of total government
expenditures in Europe and North America
–Less than 5 percent in sub-Saharan Africa and
South Asia
Health Care Systems
• Developed Countries
– Public service available at little or no cost
– Government pays more than 70 percent of health-care
costs in most European countries
– Private individuals pay about 30 percent of the expense
• Developing Countries
– Private individuals must pay more than half of the cost of
health care.
» U.S. is an exception to these generalizations
» Private individuals are required to pay about 55 percent
of health care costs making its health care more closely
resemble a developing country
HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES The
lowest levels of per capita health care expenditure
are in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
Globalization
• Effect on health in developing countries?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VdMqmVtnOM