Transcript The effect of Class Standing on Water and Health of

The effect of Class
Standing on Water and
Health of Citizens in
Developing Nations
E. O. Isiorho, R.N, M.S.Ed.
Allen County Juvenile Center
Fort Wayne, IN 46808
and
*S. A. Isiorho, PhD
Dept. of Geosciences
Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW)
Fort Wayne, IN 46805
[email protected]
phone: 260-481-6254
Talk Outline
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Introduction
Background
 Study area
 Sources of water
Poverty
Health
 Diseases associated with water
Problems
 Climate
 Shifting Lake Shore
 Population
Data
 Chemistry
 Anthropogenic activities
Solutions
 Students, Healthcare professionals, and politicians
Conclusions
Introduction
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Headlines
“Zimbabwe: Gains in water and sanitation provision eroded” (IRIN, Sept. 2004)
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“Cholera kills…”(IRIN, Oct. 2004)
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“Dirty water and not food shortage…” (IRIN, Oct. 2004)
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“Water Hazard-In a Nigerian village…” (New York Times, Nov. 2, 2004)
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“Cholera outbreak in….” (IRIN, Nov. 10, 2004)
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Sahel states to discuss water shortages. NOUAKCHOTT (AFP) Jan 25, 2004.
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Death Stalks Millions in Drought-Stricken Areas by Donald Smith
(http://www.terradaily.com/2004/040125182437.ni4k6hqc.html. Accessed Nov. 10, 2004)
for National Geographic News December 27, 2000
New York Times, Nov. 2, 2004
New York Times, Nov. 2, 2004
Background- Study area
The Study area: the Sahel
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http://www.pbs.org/wnet/africa/php/recipes.php?dish=sahel/sahel_recipes_lo.html
Accessed Nov. 10, 2004
Sources of Water
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Surface
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Rain …May to Sept.
Rivers…Chari/Lagone
Lakes…Lake Chad
Ponds…
Groundwater
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Shallow
Deep
Poverty
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Income or amount of material
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A dollar a day….minimum…to fulfill physical needs
Access to resources
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health services, clean water and sanitation, life
expectancy, literacy, etc.
Poverty and Diseases
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Poverty and Diseases
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Correlation…adequate water supply, sanitation
hygiene ..direct impact on infectious disease
“Water scarcity has more dramatic effects for
the poor than for the wealthy” (Martino, 2003)
Diseases and contaminated water
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Elizabeth Dowdeswell points out that "about 80
per cent of all diseases and more than one-third
of all deaths in developing countries are caused
by contaminated water.”
http://www.watchtower.org/library/g/2001/6/22/article_01.htm Accessed Nov. 10, 2004
SENEGAL:
Cholera outbreak in bustling Dakar highlights
Africa’s urban ills
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DAKAR, …. “As its poorer West African neighbors, Guinea and
Sierra Leone, grapple with endemic cholera, Senegal is facing a
rare but telling explosion of the disease in low-income
neighborhoods of its busy capital, Dakar.
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The first cholera epidemic to surface in Senegal in eight years
broke out on 11 October in a crowded, low-income suburb of
the capital, highlighting the link between disease and the poverty
across the continent that is associated with urban decay and rural
exodus.” IRIN Nov. 10, 2004
Death Stalks Millions in Drought-Stricken Areas
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“Starvation, malnutrition, and water-related diseases such as
cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, malaria, and diarrhea are
expected to increase in at least a dozen sub-Saharan Africa
and Central and South Asia countries as they continue to
experience scarce rainfall. "Women and children are
particularly vulnerable," says Bettina Menne of the World
Health Organization (WHO).”
from Donald Smith from National Geographic News. December 27, 2000
Problem: Climate
Problem: Climate change
Problem
Shifting shoreline
Problems
Shallow wells, Unsanitary containers/wells
Problems:
running water & creating ponds
Problem: Water holes/diseases
Problems: Population & Food
Women and Children Pay the Price
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“In Cameroon, access to water in general terms
depends on who has the financial means. Water is
charged by a flat rate system to households, and if
you cannot pay you do not have access.
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Generally in Cameroon it is the role of women
and children to fetch water for the entire
household. In principal, this group must put in
much time, energy, and resources to gather water
from great distances, thus diminishing the quality
of their lives. Thus it is women who feel the
impact in the 75 percent of the Cameroonian
population which does not have access to
improved water in their homes.” Wirndzerem Albert Bongkiyung
http://www.wedo.org/sus_dev/cameroon.htm Accessed Nov.10, 2004
Data: Well Water Chemistry
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Parameter
Range
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Temperature
Conductivity
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Chloride (Cl)
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Sulphate (SO4)
Nitrate (NO3)
Iron (Fe)
pH
30-37 oC
1 -4 micro-siemen @25 oC
67-254
120-240
0-4
204-276
0-27
0-0.6
5.6-8.6
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Estimates of Morbidity and Mortality of WaterRelated
Diseases
Disease Morbidity
Diarrhoeal Diseases
Intestinal Helminths
Schistosomiasis
Dracunculiasis
Trachoma
Malaria
Dengue Fever
Poliomyelitis
Trypanosomiasis 275,000
Bancroftian Filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Mortality
(episodes/year)
(deaths/year)
1,000,000,000
1,500,000,000 (people infected)
200,000,000 (people infected)
100,000 (people infected, excluding the Sudan)
150,000,000 (active cases)
400,000,000
1,750,000
114,000
3,300,000
100,000
200,000
72,800,000 (people infected)
17,700,000 (people infected; 270,000 blind)
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1,500,000
20,000
130,000
40,000
(mortality
caused by
blindness)
From: Gleick P. H, http://www.hf.caltech.edu/hf/b3/library/kio-wat/w_table1.html (accessed Sept. 29, 2004)
Health: Teaching
Including the Politicians
Food
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Sanitation
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Water
No risk of spreading (Nov-23-2004)
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Morocco, North Africa --- An outbreak of leptospirosis, a
bacterial disease spread through food or water contaminated
with urine from infected people, has been contained in
Moussaoua and Ouled Youssef in the Meknes Region of
Morocco. According to Dr. Jaouad Mahjour of the Ministry of
Health, poor personal hygiene and lack of access to safe sources
of drinking water are at the root of this and other diseases, such
as typhoid, shigellosis, and hepatitis A. He noted that his
ministry cooperates with the Ministry of the Interior and the
National Potable Water Office (ONEP) to teach the public about
sanitation, provide vaccinations, and treat drinking water and that
the incidence of cholera and typhoid has dropped. Morocco is
expected to be free of bilharzia (also known as schistosomiasis)
and trachoma by the end of 2005. - summary by Louise Shale
Maroc Hebdo International (http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_627/html_267/aucun.html)
Looking for Solutions
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400 million children without access to clean
water. UNICEF Dec. 9, 2004
Conclusions
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Both natural and anthropogenic activities are
diminishing potable water in the Sahel region
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Education at all levels needed
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Need to involve all stakeholders…even
politicians