Transcript Follod in Malaysia and water bone disease

Prepared by :
Nurliyana binti Dzulkarnain
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Malaysia is a South East Asian country,that is located
near the equator.On all sides,it is surrounded by the
South China Sea.
The weather is characterized as tropical which means
warm to hot,moist all year-round.
Annually,Southwest monsoon (From April to
October) and Northeast monsoon (From October to
February) that is the seasonal wind which bring heavy
rainfall.
Given Malaysia's geographical location, most floods that occur are a natural
result of cyclical monsoons during the local tropical wet season that are
characterised by heavy and regular rainfall.
Inadequate drainage in many urban areas also enhance the effects of
heavy rain.
Floods in Southern Johor was believed due to
recent Global Warming effect. This is because
Johor is not within the usual monsoon affected
zone.
Displacement
of thousands
of people
•People in the affected areas
are being evacuated to the
relief centres
Damage to
infrastructure
•Bridges and roads washed
away,houses are deluged,loss
of belongings that costs
million of Ringgits
Psychological • Fear and state of helplessness
from loss of home and
impact
belongings
Loss of lives
• Drowning
• THREAT OF THE
OUTBREAK OF WATER
BORNE DISEASES
1
2
3
•They are caused by pathogenic microorganisms
which are directly transmitted when contaminated
drinking water is consumed.
•Waterborne disease can be caused by protozoa,
viruses, bacteria, and intestinal parasites.
•Examples of usual waterborne diseases that remain
a threat during the yearly floods in Malaysia is
leptospirosis,cholera, and typhoid disease.
Meet the microbes…..
Bacteria
•Most widely distributed lifeforms
•Pathogenic bacteria range in length from
approximately 0.4 to 14 um and 0.2 to 1.2 um in
width.Key bacterial pathogens responsible for
water borne diseases include
Legionella,Salmonella typhi ,Shigella, and Vibrio
Cholerae
Virus
•Inactive when outside of living host
cell
•Virus linked to waterborne diseases
have protein coats that provide
protection from enviromental hazards
and range in size from 0.02 to 0.09 um
•Unlike bacteria or protozoa,they
contain only one type of nucleic acid
(RNA or DNA)
•Key pathogens include hepatitis
A and Norwalk Virus
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Protozoa
Common in bodies of water,are larger
than bacteria or viruses.
To survive harsh enviromental
conditions,some can secrete protective
covering and form a resting phase
called “cysts”.
•
Encystment protect protozoa from
water treatment disinfection efforts
and facilitate spread of disease.Key
pathogen include Giardia and
Cryptosporidium
It is an infectious disease
caused by particular type
of bacteria called
spirochete.Leptospirosis
in Malaysia can be spread
by vermins especially rats
through its waste
products.
It is transmitted through
contact with infected soil
or water.
People contract the
disease by either digesting
contaminated food or
water or by broken skin
and mucous membrane
(eyes,nose,sinuses,mouth)
contact with
contaminated water or
soil.
Leptospirosis symptoms
begin from two to 25 days
after initial direct exposure
to the urine or tissue of an
infected animal
The illness typically
progresses through two
phases:
The first phase of nonspecific
flulike symptoms includes
headaches, muscle aches, eye
pain with bright lights, followed
by chills and fever.
Watering and redness of the eyes
occurs and symptoms seem to
improve by the fifth to ninth day.
The second phase begins after a few days of feeling well. The
initial symptoms recur with fever and aching with stiffness of
the neck. Some patients develop serious inflammation of the
nerves to the eyes, brain, spinal column (meningitis), or
other nerves. Right upper area abdominal pain may occur.
Less common symptoms relate to disease of the liver, lungs,
kidneys, and heart.
Leptospirosis associated with liver and kidney disease is called
Weil's syndrome and is characterized by yellowing of the eyes
(jaundice). Patients with Weil's syndrome can also develop
kidney disease and have more serious involvement of the organs
affected.
The diagnosis
of
leptospirosis
is made by
culture of the
bacterial
organism
leptospira from
infected
blood,spinal
fluid or urine.
However,this
require rising
leptospira
antibody
levels in the
blood in
order to the
diagnosis
The tecnic
require to
perform the
culturing is
delicate and
difficult
Treatment involves using large dosage of
antibiotics(doxycycline,pennicilin) at the early
stages of the disease.
Severely infected patients need to be
hospitalized for IV fluid and antibiotic
treatment.
Serious manifestation in liver and kidney may
require dialysis and extensive medical care
Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae.
The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes can be severe.
A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera
bacterium.
In an epidemic, the source of the contamination is usually the faeces (stool) of an infected
person.
The disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of sewage and drinking
water.
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Approximately 1 in 20 infected persons has
severe disease characterized by:
Vomitting,
profuse
watery
diarrhoea,
Leg cramps
Without
treatment,death
occurs within
hours
Massive
dehydration
and shock
Successfully treated by immediate replacement of
the fluid and salts lost through diarrhea.
Patients can be treated with oral rehydration
solution, a prepackaged mixture of sugar and salts
to be mixed with water and drunk in large
amounts.
This solution is used throughout the world to treat
diarrhea. Severe cases also require intravenous
fluid replacement. With prompt rehydration,
fewer than 1% of cholera patients die.
Life
threatening
disease cause
by bacterium
Salmonella
Typhi.
This bacteria
lives only in
human.
Persons with this
disease carry the
pathogen in their
bloodstream and
intestinal tract.In
addition,small
number who
recovered still
carry the
bacteria.
Both carrier
and infected
persons shed
the S.Typhi
in their stool.
How do you contract typhoid?
Consumed food and drink handled by a person infected or
carrier of S.Typhi
-Sewage contaminated with pathogen gets into the water used
for cooking and drinking.
Once eaten or drunk,S.typhi quickly
multiply in the bloodstream.
Sustained fever as high as 39˚C to 40˚C.
Feeling weak,have stomach pains,headaches and
loss of apetite.In some cases patients have a rash
of flat,rose coloured spots.The only way to detect
the pathogen is using sample of blood and stool.
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Protection
Treatment
• -Avoid risky foods and drinks
•-Get vaccinated againts
typhoid fever
• Antibiotics are given to treat disease
• (ampicillin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, and
• ciprofloxacin)
Depending on
Individuals with lower
immunity
- the pathogen
-mode of spread
-occupation
Increased risk
-chemotherapy
-Infants
-Children
-organ or one marrow
recipients
-Persons with HIV/AIDS
-Older people
Immuno-compromised
people
Who
Are At
Risk?
Evacuation
•Setting up of national operations
flood centre where the evacuees are
placed in a more hygenic
enviroment
Information
•Constant warning from Malaysian Meterological
Department of possible onset of downpour
•Health Officers giving out warning againts possible
danger of spreading of Water Borne Diseases
Participation
•Cooperation between Non-Government and
Government organisation.
•Distribution of hygiene kits and water purification
sachets
•Dispatching doctors to areas completely cut off from
the flood
http://www.lenntech.com/Waterbornediseases/waterborne-diseases.htm
http://infobanjir.water.gov.my/