Transcript INTONATION
Phonetic Processes Stress Intonation Presented by: Asma Abas Tone: Tone is the overall behaviour of pitch. Pitch: Pitch is frequency of vibration of vocal cords. Tone unit: For the purpose of analyzing intonation, a unit greater than syllable one syllable. Usually tone – unit is always composed of more than one syllable. Phonetic Processes Campbell, L. (2004) and Hock, H. H. (1991) state that: Phonetic processes are the guidelines which lead to the sound changes .’’ Sound change can consist of the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature) by another, the complete loss of the affected sound, or even the introduction of a new sound in a place where there previously was none. Sound changes can be environmentally conditioned’’ Terms for changes in pronunciation 1. 2. 3. Assimilation: a phonological process in which a speech sound changes and become more like or identical to another sound that precede or follow it . (Richard and Schmid.2003:35) Roach (2002:139) mentions three types of assimilation: Assimilation of place. Assimilation of manner. Assimilation of voice . Terms for changes in pronunciation Dissimilation: The opposite of assimilation. One sound becomes less like another. Diphthong dipthong Terms for changes in pronunciation Elision is the loss of unstressed sounds. There are 3 types: 1. Aphaeresis the loss of initial sounds. In the southeastern United States, unstressed schwas tend to drop, so "American" is not /əˈmɛɹəkən/ but /ˈmɚkən/. Standard English is possum < opossum. Terms for changes in pronunciation 2- Syncope is the loss of medial sounds .The Old French word for "state" is estat, but then the s dropped, yielding, état. Similarly the loss of /t/ in English soften, hasten, castle, etc.. 3- Apocope is the loss of final sounds. Elision examples: Apocope examples: the final -e [ə] in Middle English words was pronounced, but is only retained in spelling as silent E. In English /b/ and /ɡ/ were apocopated in final position after nasals: lamb, long /læm/ /loŋ/. Metathesis: Two sounds switch places. Example: Old English thridda became Middle English third; English comfortable pronounced as if spelled comfterble . Haplology: The loss of a syllable when an adjacent syllable is similar or (rarely) identical. Example: Old English Englaland became Modern English England, or the common pronunciation of probably as [ˈprɒbli]. This change usually affects commonly used words. The word haplology itself is sometimes jokingly pronounced "haplogy". Liking : linking words together in a special ways .The most familiar case is the use of intrusive r , which is a case of juncture. ‘media event ‘ =mediar event To Better understanding All the languages in the world use consonants and vowels to build morphemes, which in turn join together to form words. We may pronounce a word with various pitch patterns, depending on the occasion. We may pronounce it with high pitch if we are emphatic, we may say it with a rising pitch in a question etc. But these different pitch patterns do not alter the word in the way that changing a consonant or changing a vowel does. These different pitch patterns that do not change but merely add to the basic meaning of words are called intonation. Yet there are some languages in the world that use pitch patterns to build morphemes in the same way consonant and vowels are used. The best known such language is Chinese . English is not tone language because different tones make no difference in meanings. However, it certainly gives different meanings when different parts/syllables of the same words are stressed. Stress Marriam – Webester (2003): “Stress : intensity of utterances given to a speech sound , syllable , or word producing relative loudness “ Thornbury (2006 :213) : “Stress is the effect of emphasizing certain syllables by increasing their loudness, length or pitch “ Kinds of stress One of the noticeable features of English is that some of its syllables are strong and others are weak . The strong syllables are stressed while the weak ones are not , so we have : Strong stress Weak = Stress on the First Syllable Rule Example Most 2-syllable nouns PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble Most 2-syllable adjectives PRESent, SLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy Stress on the Last Syllable Rule Most 2-syllable verbs Example to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN Stress on the Last Syllable • There are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. ( English phonetics and phonology:110) Stress on the Penultimate Syllable Rule Words ending in –ic Example GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic Words ending in -sion and - teleVIsion, reveLAtion tion On ante-penultimate syllable third form end Rule Example Words ending in -cy, -ty, phy and -gy deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy Words ending in -al CRItical, geoLOGical Compound words Rule Example For compound nouns, the stress is on the first part BLACKbird, GREENhouse For compound adjectives, the stress is on the second part bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned For compound verbs, the to underSTAND, to overFLOW stress is on the second part Please note For a few words, native English speakers don't always"agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people say teleVIsion and others say TELevision. Another example is: CONtroversy and conTROversy. Intonation What is it ? What are the functions of intonation? What is it? Intonation: Fromkin et al (2003) ► “ pitch counter of a phrase or sentence” Merriam- Websters (2003) ► “ The rise and fall in pitch of the voice in speech “ Thornbury (2006) stats that : ► “ Intonation is a suprasegmental feature of pronunciation. It is the music of speech” ► Intonation helps create the music of a language. (like notes in music) ► It is a part of communication. * the rise and fall of pitch in our voice plays a crucial role in how we express meaning. ► Intonation is the change of level of voice Why do we need it? Main Functions of Intonation 1. Roach mentions four functions : Grammatical function * Intonation is used to signal the syntactic or grammatical structure. Ex. She dressed and fed the baby. ( the baby was dressed and fed ) She dressed / and fed the baby. ( She dressed herself and then fed the baby) 2. Accentual information Distributes accents among stressed syllables to emphasize what need to be perceived as significant word. Ex. Paul is very tall. Paul is very tall. (Paul and not another one) 3. Discourse Function * The study of the intonation related to the context. It means to convey what is new and what is old or known. The main accent is in the last lexical word. Ex. My name is Bond. My name is Bond. James Bond. (new is accented ) 4. Attitudinal Function * Intonation is used to convey attitude, emotions or feelings. This adds a special kind of meaning to spoken language. Say “HELLO” ● ● ● ● ● ● to to to to to to a friend you meet regularly a friend you haven’t seen for 10 years a neighbor whom you don’t like a 6 month old baby someone doing what he shouldn’t know if someone is listening (phone) I did not say you stole my red hat. I did not say you stole my red hat. (the meaning contains the idea that someone else said it, not me) I did not say you stole my red hat. anger and denial of the fact.) (Strong I did not say you stole my red hat. (But I implied it that you did. Did you?) I did not say you stole my red hat. (I wasn't accusing you. I know it was someone else) Scot Thoronbury mentions three functions : p.110 1. Grammatical function 2. Attitudinal = 3. Discourse = Segmentals are isolated sounds ( consonants, vowels, dipthongs) Suprasegmentals features of speech like stress, intonation and rhythm Word Stress vs. Intonation Are they different? STRESS - stress within a word - a syllable is said Louder, Longer at a higher pitch INTONATION - - - It goes beyond the word level. - it’s a change in pitch within a group of words. A long line of melody Kinds of Tones Fall – gives the impression of finality Rise- conveys an impression that something more is to follow. Fall-Rise – shows limited agreement, uncertainty and doubt. Rise-Fall – convey rather strong feelings of approval, disapproval or surprise Level- tone is neutral and uninterested (usually calls “flat”) Intonation Pattern Two Basic Patterns 1. Falling Intonation 2. Rising Intonation What is falling intonation? ►A pattern in which your voice falls to a low pitch by the end of a thought group or statement. What does it communicate? Certainty You are telling a fact and/or you believe you are right. Finality Completion : You are done speaking. Your listener can now respond. Falling intonation ■ Declarative sentences ■ W H – questions (routine) ■ Commands Example: Erik builds flutes.// He began building flutes after college.// He has one flute of his very own.// What is rising intonation? conveys an impression that something more is to follow ■ YES/ NO questions ■ Open- choice alternative questions Rising Intonation Example: Is that Estelle with them? (Rising Intonation) He just won first place! THAT’S ALL and Thank you for listening!! Sources Campbell,L.(2004). Historical Linguistics :an introduction . The MIT Press. Hock , H.H. (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics. Mounton De Gayte. Scott Thornbury.(2006).An A- Z of ELT.MACMILAN Victoria Fromkin et al.(2003).An Introduction to Language.7th edition.Thomson Heinle Peter Roach .(2002).English Phonetics and Phonology.3rd edition. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Richards and Schmid.(2002).Dictionary of Language Teaching &Applied Linguistics.3rd ed.Longman. http://www.wikipedia/phonetic processes/html http://www.slidshare.com/html