Transcript Immunology study guide

Immunology study guide
Daryn Green
Basic Immunological definitions and
Concepts
• Vocab
– Disease: a change in normal body function from
anything but injury
– Pathogen: a disease causing organism
– Infectious disease: An infection that can be spread
– Vector: animal that carries the infection to
humans; remains asymptomatic
– Vector borne disease: a disease spread by vectors
Definitions and concepts (Cont.)
• Germ theory of disease
– A theory by Pasteur and Koch saying diseases are
caused by pathogen
• Normal flora: a unique micro organism that
lives inside the body w/out harming it
• Histamine: stimulates blood flow; released by
infected cell
• Interferon: tells cells around it of infection and
helps them resist infection; released during
inflammatory response
Definitions (cont.)
• Fever: a raise in body temp.
• Antibodies: made by plasma cells; attacks
pathogen
• Lysozymes: break down pathogen
• Mucus: in openings in bodies; catches pathogen
• Phagocyte: eats
• Antigen: the ID tag of a pathogen
• Vaccine: small doses of virus given to body to learn
how to fight it off.
• Memory: when the body remembers how to
produce plasma cells and antibodies to fight off
pathogen
Definitions (cont.)
• Maternal Immunity: Immunity obtained from
placenta and breast milk
• Hemorrhagic Disease:
Concepts
• Koch’s Postulates
– Find pathogen
– Isolate pathogen
– Inject into someone else
– Isolate again in other person and see if it matches
• Why infect the human body?
– Many nutrients
– Moist (75% water)
– Steady/constant temperature
Germ Theory of Disease
• Says that all diseases have a pathogen
• Pasteur
Immune system
Non specific defenses
• How does skin protect?
– Many Layers
– Outer layers are dead
– Sweat/oil prevents virus from sticking
• Mucus and lysozymes capture, then break
down the pathogen at openings in body
Inflammatory response
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Infected wound creates histamine
Blood flow increases
Veins swell and release WBC
WBC attack pathogen
Fever
• Raise in body temperature
• Why does it happen?
– Slow down growth of bacteria
– Trigger interferon
– Increase WBC
• Interferon: Helps other cells resist infection
Specific Defenses
• Humoral Response
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Cell gets infected
B-cells recognize the antigen
T-Cells energize B-cells
B-cells turn into plasma cells
Plasma cells create antibodies
Antibodies grab pathogen
Phagocyte eats entire structure
• Occurs in Blood and lymph nodes
• Key players
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Pathogen
B cells
T cells
Plasma cells
Antibodies
Phagocyte
Specific Defenses
• Cell Mediated
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Macrophage Engulfs pathogen
Macrophage shows antigen of pathogen as its antigen
T cells come over and learn the antigen
T cells become Killer T Cells
Killer T cells attack all infected cells
• Occurs when
• Key Players
– Macrophage
– T cells
– Killer T cells
Types of Immunity
• Active immunity
– Created by Jenner
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Isolated pathogen
Injected his son w/ small dose of smallpox
Son lived
First vaccine
– Vaccine comes in, body fights it off and retains
memory
– We need to get multiple flu vaccines because the
strains are always mutating
Leads to permanent immunity for specific pathogen
Types of Immunity
• Passive Immunity
– Only temporary because you are being injected
with someone else’s antibodies
• Your body doesn’t make more so it doesn’t retain
memory
• Fights off antibodies
– Want to get it for travel
Nose picking is good
• Why???
– Because mucus traps pathogen and stores as
boogers
– When you eat it, it is like you are eating the
pathogen
– It acts as a vaccine because your body will retain
memory
Vaccines Undermined
• Types of people complaining:
– Antivaccine lobbyists
• Believe conspiracy theories
• Give false research to make vaccines look bad
– Journalists
• Publish scare stories and false information
– Lawyers
• Look at previous cases siding with person against disease
and try to get a claim off of that.
• Solution?
– To start an act to track all bad reactions and to allow
for the same amount of money to be given in any case
due to side effects
Type of Pathogen Notes
• Viruses
– Ex: Small Pox, chicken Pox, measles, Mumps, HIV
Living
Nonliving
Reproduce
Not complete cell
DNA/RNA
No energy use
– Lytic: the reproduction of viruses
– Lysogenic: waiting for a stimulus to reproduce
– Treatment
• Vaccines
• Cell mediated and humoral responses
• NOT antibiotics because viruses live in cell and will not
react to it
Types of Pathogen Notes
• Bacterial
– EX: Tuberculosis, strep throat, influenza, anthrax,
MRSA
– Shapes
• Rod shaped: bacilli
• Spiral: spirlla
• Round: cocci
– Treatment
• Humoral and cell mediated
• Vaccines
• Antibiotics
– Fleming: pennacillian
Problems w/ the Immune System
• HIV
– Spread by
• sexual contact
• Body Fluid contact
• Mother to Baby
– Infects T cells
– Goes from RNA-> DNA in a process called reverse
transcription
Problems w/ Immune System
• Cancer: a mutant gene that goes out of
control
• Tumor: a cluster of mutant genes out of
control
• Viral: pathogen infects cells and cells
reproduce out of control
• Radiation: exposed during x-rays, sunlight, etc
• Chemicals: Chemicals that cause cancer
(carcinogens) ex: tobacco, chloroform