Transcript Swine flu

Prof .Dr Fikry Hassan
Professor of Infectious Diseases –
Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZgazig University
E-mail ([email protected])
‫(يا أيها ال ناس كلوا مما فى األرض حالالطي نا و ال تي بعوا خطوات ‪‬‬
‫ل‬
‫م‬
‫ك‬
‫ب‬
‫الشبطان انه م عدو ين)‬
‫األنة ‪ – 168‬ال بقرة‬
‫ع‬
‫ن‬
‫ه‬
‫ل‬
‫ف‬
‫ل‬
‫ل‬
‫ح‬
‫ك‬
‫ض‬
‫ل‬
‫(انما حرم م ا ميتة و الدم و م الخنزير و ما أ ل نه غنر هللا من ا طر‬
‫غنر ياغ و ال عاد فال اثم علته ان هللا غفور رحيم )‬
‫األنة ‪ -173‬ال بقرة‬
‫ي‬
‫ط‬
‫ع‬
‫(فل الأحد فى ما أوحى الى محرما على طاعم م اال أن يكون ميتة أو‬
‫دما مسفوحا و لحم خنزير فانه رجس أو فسقا أهل لغنر هللا نه )‬
‫اآلنة ‪ – 45‬األيعام‬
‫(و ال تتخذوا آيات هللا هزوا )‬
‫اآلنة – ‪ 231‬ال بقرة‬
 Swine
include wild and domestic pigs
 There are more than 100 million pigs in
the world
 About 350 thousands pigs in Egypt.
 Pigs can cause 450 infectious and noninfectious diseases.
 Sow :female pig
 Boar : male pig
 Piglet: recently born pig(one month)
 Gestation period: 114 days
 Oestrus cycle: 19-22 days
 Oestrus Period: 1-3 days
 Sow
can give 8-12 piglets every 3 and half
months.
 Sow udder composed of about 12-16
nipples located in the ventral abdomen
arranged in 2 parallel rows.
 Pigs' weight from 100-200 Kg
 pork meat contains: high fat (carcinogenic
effect ), cholesterol and hormones
• Pigs
can transmit serious parasitic,
bacterial, fungal and viral diseases to man
This term is applied
only to infectious
diseases caused by a
myxovirus in human
and animals.
Myxoviruses(20 types)
Influenza virus(3)

A: infects man, birds, swine and equine
it is the most serious type, due to
mutation.
 B&
C: infect only man.
 Human
Flu : Type A
 Equine Flu: Type A1+A2
 Avian Flu: a strain of type A, isolated from
birds(1980) in Britain outbreak in turkeys
(1977-1979) in USA. Bird Flu in Egypt (2006)
due to A (H5N1), transmitted to man.
 Swine
flu: 4 strains from type A
(H1N1,H1N2,H3N1 and H3N2).
 A (H1N1) causes mild disease in swine, but it
is fatal in human (low immunity).
1-RNA Viruses.
2- Pnemotropic (multiply only in the cells of
respiratory tract).
3- Possessing an affinity for mucoproteins, so
the name (myxa= mucous)
Haemagglutinin (HA) : binding, fusion of the
virus to the host cell and responsible for
virulence (16 in number)
Neuraminidase : destruction of mucoprotein
of
cell
receptors
of
host
cells
replication & release of the virus (9 in number)
 Killed
 Killed
in 65°C for 5-10 m.
media.
in acid and alkaline
 Destructed
by
formalin,
chloramines and chlorinated
lime.

The disease is highly contagious in swine
and characterised by fever, respiratory
symptoms, abortion in sows, infertility in
boars, weight loss and death of piglets.

The disease
weather.

It isn’t usually fatal, morbidity rate is 100 %,
mortality rate is (1-4%).

Zoonotic.
is
more
common
in
cold

Pig is a reservoir for many influenza
viruses from animals, bird and man
(interspecies transmission).
New virus strain can be produced in
pigs by 2 ways:
1- Mutation of human strain type (A).

2-Mixed
strains
....
Reassortement
or
recombination of antigens..... Emergence of
new strains ( H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2)
which can capable to infect man.
H1N1 : is the cause of swine influenza + H3N2
Large
pig populations.
Bad rearing on rubbish .
Bad climatic condition.
Lowered immunity.
Poor nutrition.
Pregnancy.
Inhalation
of the virus by air
droplets during coughing and
sneezing.
Winds ?
Tran placental transmission (NO)
Earth worms and larvae of
Metastrongylus were found to
transmit the virus in the Interepidemic periods (10-30 y).
Infected
pigs and man.
Contaminated rubbish.
Incubation Period:
2-7 days
Course of the disease:
4-6 days
Replication of the virus within the
cell of the upper respiratory tract
from nose to bronchi.
 Pneumonia
may occur after
bacterial complication:
1- Pasteurella M
2- Haemophilus Influenza
3- Mycoplasma
4- Streptococci.

Symptoms:








sudden fever up to 41°C
Anorexia.
Stiffness and muscular pain.
Difficult breathing.
Severe coughing and sneezing. Eye
and nasal discharge
Sever weight loss which regain slowly.
Abortion and infertility.
Colonic muscular convulsions in fatal
cases.
Leucopoenia – Lymphopenia _
Neutrophillia.
 Increased Fibrinogen.
Necropsy Finding:
 Dark red to purple like lesions in
lungs.
 Petechial haemorrhage .
 Lung emphysema.
 Presence of viscous, frothy
excaudate in airways.

1- Clinical Signs:
2- Isolation of the virus:
from saliva , nasal
discharge, sputum (swabs).
3- Cellular culture
4- Inoculation in chick
embryo.
5- Lab diagnosis:
 Complement
 Haem
fixation test.
agglutination inhibition test
 Neutralization
test.
 ELISA
( Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent
Assay).
 PCR
: for detection of RNA particles.
 There
is no treatment for
the virus.
 Antibiotic for secondary
bacterial infection.
 Anti-inflammatory drugs
 Supportive treatment.
 In
Egypt 2009, all pigs should
eradicated as soon as possible,
burnt or deeply buried.
 Rearing
places of pigs should
be transferred away from
human populations by 12 KG.

Pig farms must be
disinfected regularly.
closed
and

Special ration for pigs as cattle.

Rubbish collectors should be examined
clinically, isolated and treated in case of
disease.

Remove the risk factors.
Vaccination:
Monovalent vaccine
(H1N1).
Description
MaxiVac-FLU is an inactivated virus vaccine
Dosage and Administration:
 For use in swine only.

Shake
well
and
intramuscularly.
administer
2
ml

Pigs nursing non-immune dams can be safely
and effectively vaccinated at weaning.

Pigs from immune dams should be vaccinated
when maternal antibody levels will allow
active immunization. For primary vaccination,
administer a second dose in 3 to 4 weeks.
Caution:
1.Do not vaccinate within 21 days of
slaughter.
2. Store at 35°-45°F (2°-7°C). Use
entire contents when first opened
3. Contains gentamicin as preservative.
Anaphylactic reactions may occur.
Antidote: Epinephrine.
How Supplied

Bivalent
Vaccine(H1N 1
and H3N2)
 Killed
Virus
 For Use in Swine only
 For
the vaccination of healthy swine, 9
days of age or older, as an aid in the
prevention of disease due to swine
influenza virus serotype H1N1.
 This
product also serves as an aid in
reduction of disease caused by swine
influenza virus subtype H3N2 strains, for
which duration of immunity studies are in
progress. This product provides crossprotection as an aid in the control of swine
influenza subtype H1N2
Dose
 Aseptically inject 2 mL intramuscularly per
animal. Pigs
Suvaxyn SIV Caution
 Store between 2° and 7°C (35° and 45°F).
 Avoid freezing. Shake well before using.
 Use entire contents when first opened.
 Do not vaccinate within 21 days before
slaughter.
 Allergic reactions, although rare, may
occur. The antidote is epinephrine.
Mixed
Vaccine:
(Swine Influenza Vaccine, H1n1 and
H3n2, Killed Virus, Mycoplasma
Hyopneumoniae Bacterin)
Indications:
Healthy pigs 5 weeks of age or older .
 An aid in the prevention of
pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma
hyopneumoniae and in the reduction
of disease.
 The vaccine has been shown to
reduce pneumonia, clinical signs and
virus shedding.

Administration/dosage:
 Shake
well. Using aseptic technique,
inject 2 mL intramuscularly (IM) into
healthy pigs 5 weeks of age or older.
 Revaccinate
with 2 mL 2-3 weeks after
initial vaccination. Pigs nursing nonimmune dams can be safely and
effectively vaccinated at weaning.
 Pigs
from immune dams should be
vaccinated
when
maternal
antibody levels will allow active
immunization.

Duration of immunity, at least
two months following vaccination
Caution:
For
veterinary use only. Store at 2°7°C (35°-45°F). Do not freeze.
 Use entire contents when first opened.
Do not vaccinate within 21 days before
slaughter.
 If allergic response occurs, administer
epinephrine.
It can cause serious local reaction.
Preservatives
Gentamicin,
ampicillin and
thimerosal.
Warning
Extreme
caution should be used
when injecting any oil emulsion
vaccine to avoid injecting your own
finger or hand. Accidental injection
Aetiology:
 The 2009 swine flu outbreak in humans
due to virulent new strain of influenza A
virus subtype H1N1 that was produced by
reassortment from human influenza virus,
avian influenza virus and swine influenza
virus.
Predisposing factors:
 Globalization
 Lowered immunity.
 Lack of Health education.
Credit: US National Museum of Health and
Medicine
1918: “Spanish Flu”
1957: “Asian Flu”
20-40 million deaths
1-4 million deaths
A(H1N1)
A(H2N2)
1968: “Hong Kong Flu”
1-4 million deaths
A(H3N2)
1-Through contact with infected pigs and
environments contaminated with swine
flu viruses.
2- Influenza is spread mainly person-toperson through coughing or sneezing of
infected people(inhaled droplets).
3- Swine influenza viruses are not spread
by eating pork or pork products.
Incubation period: 1-4 to 7 days.
Infectivity Period : 7 days
According to Centre for Disease Control and
Prevention(CDC): in humans the symptoms
of the 2009 "swine flu" H1N1 virus are
similar to influenza-like illness in general.
Symptoms include: fever, cough, sore
throat, body aches, headache, chills and
fatigue, diarrhoea and vomiting.
Clinical signs of SI are confused with
other diseases:
Common cold
Bird flu
Dengue Fever.
Other respiratory infections
Lab diagnosis:
Swab for the virus isolation.
Serological tests.
In pigs : as mentioned before.
In humans:
 Antiviral drugs can make the illness milder
and make the patient feel better faster.
 They
may also prevent serious flu
complications.
 They work best if started soon after getting
sick (within 2 days of symptoms).
 Supportive treatment: at home or in the
hospitals,
controlling
fevers
and
maintaining fluid balance.
Use of :
 Tamiflu (oseltamivir) or Relenza (zanamivir)
75 mg, for the treatment and/or prevention
of infection.
 In
the 2009 outbreak it has been found that
the virus was resistant to Amantadine and
Rimantadine.
 Tamiflu
is a nuramindiase inhibitor (action)
 Broad
spectrum antibiotics for prevention
of secondary infections.
 Anti
 N.B:
inflammatory.
avoid use of aspirin for treatment of
swine flu beacuse asprin +A (H1N1) virus
results in destruction of hepatic and brain
cells lead to coma and death.
Prevention in pigs:
As mentioned before.
Prevention in humans:
Society level
Individual level
Health
promotion of the public:
adequate nourishment, avoid fatigue and
stress
Health
education
Environmental measures:
 Adequate
ventilation and housing
 Prevention of crowdness is important
 Sanitary waste disposal
 Socioeconomic development: raising the
standard of living.
Quarantine
for travellers
(diagnosis& treatment).
Avoid close contact with people who
are sick.
Stay at home when you are sick,
take plenty of fluids, honey ,
vitamin(C) vegetables and fruits.
Cover your mouth and nose by
protective masks.
Wash
your hands every 2
hours by water soap.
Disinfection (cars, buses).
Avoid touching your eyes,
nose or mouth.
Take care of money (papers,
coins).
Reduction
of human
gatherings in epidemics.
Avoid kissing, keep a
distance between speakers.
Preparation &production of
vaccines and sera for
humans.
‫توصيات عامة‬
‫‪ ‬اصالح البيئة حول االنسان‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬الثقافة الصحية لرفع الوعى الصحى بين الناس‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬تعظيم دور األطباء البيطريين فى مقاومة األمراض الوبائية‬
‫خاصة (انفلونزا الطيور و انفلونزا الخنازير)‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬تطبيق االجراءات الوقائية لمنع انتشار األمراض‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬سرعة تشخيص و عالج المرض مهم جدا لعدم حدوث اية‬
‫مضاعفات‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬السرعة فى انتاج لقاحات و امصال لوقاية االنسان من‬
‫األمراض‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬مقاومة مرض انفلونزا الطيور و انفلونزا االنسان‪.‬‬
‫‪( ‬أمراض ذات صلة بمرض انفلونزا الخنازير)‬
‫‪( ‬يزنل عيىس عليه السالم قبل قيام الساعة‬
‫فيحطم الصليب و يقتل اخلزنير ‪ ) .....‬حديث‬
‫رشيف‬
‫‪‬مل حتل اى رشيعة منذ آدم – عليه السالم‪-‬‬
‫للن آلك حلم اخلزنير‬