Transcript what is acute hiv infection

Chapter 11
Infection Control
Overly Concerned?
• How concerned
do Americans
need to be
about
contracting
serious
infectious
diseases?
• 10-20% of
Americans get the
flu each year.
• 10-30 million people
will be infected with
Hepatitis B each
year.
• 50% of all skin
infections people get
are caused by
MRSA.
The Infection Cycle
• Infection cycle: chain of events allowing
a pathogen to infect a host
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Pathogen
• Any disease causing microorganism
The Chain of Infection
• Reservoir Hostthe individual who
has the infection.
• This person is
called a carrier if
they do not have
any visible signs
or symptoms.
The Chain of Infection
• Portal of ExitThe route of
escape for the
pathogen.
• Example: break in
the skin, saliva,
reproductive
fluids, or blood.
The Chain of Infection
• Route of
Transmissionthe method by
which the
pathogen spreads
from the reservoir
host to someone
else.
• Example: direct
contact, air,
insects.
The Chain of Infection
• Portal of Entryhow the pathogen
enters the new
host.
• Example: breaks
in the skin,
urinary tract,
reproductive
tracts, and
respiratory tract.
The Chain of Infection
• Susceptible
Host- the source
who has the
pathogen and
supports the
pathogen’s life
and reproduction.
• Example: infants,
the elderly,
people with poor
immune systems.
Breaking the Chain of Infection
• Spread of disease can be stopped by
removing any link in the chain
– Kill pathogen before it enters host
– Change the environment in which the
bacteria lives
•
For instance, if the pathogen needs
moisture, keep the area clean and dry
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Help Prevent the
Spread of Infection!
• Wash hands frequently
• Wear gloves and other
protective clothing
– Gowns, goggles, and
masks
• Exposure to blood or
other body fluids exists
• Working with clients
who may be infectious
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Help Prevent the
Spread of Infection!
• Keep your immunizations up-to-date
– Especially hepatitis vaccinations
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Medical Asepsis
(Clean Technique)
• Practices and procedures designed to
ensure a clean environment
– Removing or destroying disease-causing
microorganisms
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Hand washing:
The Key to Medical Asepsis
• Hand washing is done at the following
times:
– When first arriving at work
– Before performing each procedure on a
client
– During a procedure if hands become
contaminated
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Hand washing:
The Key to Medical Asepsis
Continued
– Between each client
when a procedure is
performed
– After using the
restroom
– After removing
gloves from your
hands
– Before eating
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Hand washing
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Using Gloves
• The Athletic Trainer:
– Should always wear
gloves whenever
blood or body fluids
are present
• Even when the
potential for such
fluids are present,
gloves must be worn
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Removing Gloves
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Contaminated Sharps
• A serious risk exists
when punctured by
a needle or other
sharp object
• Never recap or bend
a dirty needle
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Reducing the
Risk of Puncture Wounds
• Immediately clean a
puncture wound with
alcohol and Betadine
and cover the wound
• Report this to your
supervisor and fill
out appropriate
forms.
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Reducing the
Risk of Puncture Wounds
• Never carry needles or sharp
objects from one location to
another with the tips pointing
toward other people or yourself
• Point them toward the floor
• Dispose of all needles, scalpel
blades, and other sharp objects in
the proper puncture-resistant
container
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HIV POSITIVE
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WHAT IS ACUTE HIV
INFECTION
• The amount of HIV in the blood gets very high
within a few days or weeks after HIV infection.
Some people get a flu-like illness. This first
stage of HIV disease is called “acute HIV
infection” or “primary HIV infection.”
– Symptoms generally occur within 2 to 4 weeks.
The most common symptoms are fever, fatigue,
and rash. Others include headache, swollen lymph
glands, sore throat, feeling achy, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, and night sweats.
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RISK OF INFECTING
OTHERS
• The number of HIV particles in the blood is
much higher during acute HIV infection
than later on.
• Exposure to the blood of someone in the
acute phase of infection is more likely to
result in infection than exposure to
someone with long-term infection.
• One research study estimated that the risk
of infection is approximately 20 times
higher during acute HIV infection
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Living with HIV/AIDS
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AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
• Incurable (at present) disease
– Great care must be taken to avoid contact with this
virus
– Wash hands
– Wear protective eyewear, gloves, and a mask to
prevent exposure to splattering blood or other
body fluids
• How do you get it?
– Coming in direct contact with infected blood
– Sexual contact
• What is it?
– Virus that attacks the immune system (T-cells)
– It is a fatal illness
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AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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HIPAA
• HIPAA
– Controversial issue
– It is NOT mandatory to inform health care
providers if a patient has HIV or AIDS
– People may be asymptomatic for many
years, therefore, health care providers
MUST protect themselves as if EVERY
patient has the illness
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Hepatitis A and B
• Hepatitis A is
caused by a virus. It
is the most common
form of the disease
occurring in children
and young adults.
Spread through the
fecal-oral route.
• Vaccination
• Hepatitis B is
caused by a virus
however, this form
of the disease is
spread through
blood, blood
products, semen,
vaginal secretions,
and saliva.
• Vaccination
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Hepatitis A, B
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Hepatitis C
• Spread by blood-to-blood contact
• Infection can cause liver inflammation
• No vaccine against hepatitis C is
available
• Symptoms of infection can be
medically managed, and a proportion
of patients can be cleared of the
virus by a long course of anti-viral
medicines
• 150-200 million people worldwide are
infected with hepatitis
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Hepatitis C
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Should people getting tattoos and
body piercing be concerned about
contracting a bloodborne infection
like HBV?
Yes. Tattooing and body piercing have the potential to
transmit bloodborne infections, including HBV, hepatitis
C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), if the person doing the tattoos or body piercing
does not use good infection control practices.
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Universal Precautions
• Health care workers must be familiar
with these precautions:
– Wear gloves when one has contact with
blood, body secretions, or broken skin
– Avoid direct patient contact if you have
open wounds or other skin conditions
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Universal Precautions
• Wear protective
eyewear, mask, or
gown during any
procedures that may
expose you to
splattering blood or
other body fluids
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Universal Precautions
• Wash your hands after each patient
contact and after removing gloves
• Thoroughly wash hands and other
skin surfaces immediately following
contamination
• Carefully dispose of all sharp objects
in appropriate puncture-resistant
containers
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Universal Precautions
• Avoid giving mouth-tomouth resuscitation
• Use breathing barriers,
face masks, and BagValve masks
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