Transcript What is Pathology

Pathology
Introduction
Su Min
Department of pathology
Shantou University Medical College
Why should we study pathology?
Students often ask me this question in the class
I also have a question to ask you
Why did you come here?
The your goal is very clearly
want to be Medical Doctor!
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
make a surprise attack on people anybody could stand aside except medical staffers
Quoted from 21cn.com
Cure Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) patient (extracted from 21cn.com)
Angell: heal the wounded and rescue the dying
Quoted from 21cn.com
Question
 Patients
just want to know:
What disease am I suffering from?
How to cure it?
The key point of medical science

To prevent

To diagnose
To treat
( Control)

Disease
What is Pathology (Pathologia)

Prefix:
Path(pathos) means suffering, disease

Postfix:
Ology(logos) means study, science
The concept of pathology
Pathology is the scientific
study of disease.
The
 the




contents of pathology
causes (aetiology )
mechanisms (Pahogenesis)
pathologic changes: structural & funcional
abnormalities
the descriptions of the manifestations
its progress and sequels.
1. Causes of disease
1). Genetic factors
(1)
Abnormal the chromosomes and component genes
Occur spontaneously (or without known cause);
In some cases, radiations, chemical or infective
agents can be incriminated.
(2) Susceptibility to some diseases
Genetic polymorphisms among or between
individuals, families, or races strongly influence
susceptibility and resistance to disease
oted from Dr. T.M. Schroeder-Kurth
congenital mentally retarded children
Quoted from Dr. Vogel. Motulsky Human Genetics
2). Environmental factors
(1) Physical agents. i. e. injury, radiations,
extremes of heat or cold, electrical
power…
(2) Chemical poisons. Some act in a general
manner, some act locally, and some
exhibit a predilection for certain organs.
(3) Nutritional imbalance
(4) Abnormal immunological reactions.
(5) Psychological factors
 Although
the causes of disease are
divided into above two main groups,
but both groups are interlaced in
most disease.
2. Pathogenesis
 Means
Mechanisms:
Most are still investigating.
Some of them should be known,
for instance:
 Thrombosis
 Myocardial infarction
3. Pathologic changes
Level A. Naked eye level:
gross changes in diseased organs.
Level B. Light microscopic level:
in histological and cytological level.
Level C. Electron-microscopic(EM) level:
in the ultrastructure (cellular organelles).
Level D. Molecular level:
inspect aberrant in DNA, RNA, and protein.
4. Manifestations
 Clinical
significance:
The functional consequences of
the morphologic changes.
5. Progress and sequels
 Progress
simple
short-term
intricate
long-term
 Sequels
healing
un-healing: delay & complications
spread even death
Investigation of disease
In medical practice the objective of the
study of disease is twofold.

To determine the nature of the disease for
establishing a diagnosis.

To control the extent and progress of the
disease for treating.
The classification of pathology

General pathology: A discussion of disease
fundamentals oriented horizontally (nature of process).
injury, repair, inflammation, neoplasia.

Systemic pathology: A more detailed discussion of
diseases oriented vertically.
i. e. cardiovascular
diseases, respiratory diseases, alimentary diseases,
endocrine diseases, renal diseases, infectious diseases.
e.g. What is the commonest disease in the clinic
trachoma, common cold, gastritis, hepatitis,athlete's foot
The location and importance of
pathology in medical education
Pathology is a bridge between basic science and clinical medicine.
All of the medical students have to stride over the bridge!
Methods in pathology
 Autopsy:
An examination of a dead
body was done by cutting it open to
discover the cause of death.

Biopsy
Quoted
from CIBA COLLECTION MEDICAL ILLUSTRATIONS
An examination of pathologic samples from living body to set up diagnosis

Cellular examination
 Animal
experimentation
Se-deficiency
animal model
National Natural
Science
Foundation of China
(No. 30170832 )
Su Min, Zhang RuiJuan et al.

Tissue and cell culture
One Newly Established esophageal carcinoma(EC) Cell Line CSEC-215 from
EC patient in Chaoshan Region of China. Lu Shan-Ming, Su Min et al.
Neural stem cell
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30170832 ) Tian Dong-Ping, Su Min et al.
 Immunohistochemistry
cytochemistry
and immuno-
Esophageal carcinoma
E-cad + in membrane
Wu Ming-Yao et al.
GFAP+ in cytoplasm of neuroglia
cell. Tian Dong-Ping, Su Min et al.
Fos+ in nucleus
 Electron
microscopic examination
Atypia of tumor cells(Pleomorphism of nuclei) in CSEC-215 generation 13 EM×3000
Confocal
laser scanning
microscopic examination
Confocal laser scanning microscopy
neuron
three-dimensional
nuclear division
DNA content

In situ hybridization
Chromosome analysis
&
Gene clone

Biochip
History and development of pathology
Humoral Pathology
Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

History and development of pathology
Organ Pathology
Morgagni

(Italian,1682-1771 DC)
History and development of pathology
CellularPathology
Virchow

(German, 1882-1902 DC)
胡正祥 教授
（1896-1968）
梁伯强 教授
（1899-1968）

Modern Pathology (1920S-)
Ultrastructural Pathology
Molecular Pathology
Immunopathology
Genetic Pathology
How to study pathology
Summary
Students should pay a more attention to
following six aspects:
 Concepts
to master: lots of concept is basic
processes of studying pathology.
Cause(why) + Location (where) +Change(what)
Diseases
Variations of
structure
function
outside
normal range
Pathology
Clinical Practice
(1) Causes (aetiology)
(2) Mechanisms (Pathogenesis)
(3) Pathological changes
(4) Manifestations
(5) Progress and sequels
Diagnosing disease
Treating disease
Preventing disease
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
MAIN REFERENCE
1.
Alasdair D. T. Govan, Peter S. Macfarlane, Robin Callander.
Pathology Illustraed. Churchill livingstone, 1981.
2. Robin A. Cooke, Brian stewart.
Colour atlas of Anatomical Pathology. Churchill Livingstone, 1995
3. Ramzi S. Cotran, Vinay Kumar, Tucker Collins.
Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th .W.B. Saunders company. 1999.
4. Vinay Kumar, Ramzi S. Cotran, Stanley L. Robbins.
Robbins Basic Pathology. W.B. Saunders company, 2003
5. Michael F. Dixon. Aids to Pathology 2th. Churchill Livingstone, 1981.
6. Su Min et al. GRAPHIC PATHOLOGY(in Chinese).
Shantou University Medical College. 2001
7. Shantou University Medical College
Pathologic teaching net
http://202.192.145.9:95/
Examination
1. Practice: specimens oral test
description + diagnosis
2. Paper: national test base bank
Apple tree and Newtonian
the law of gravity