Transcript Unit 17: Vaccination & Immunization

Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Vaccination
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Mechanical act of administering a vaccine for the
purpose of developing immunity in an animal
Amount of immunity developed depends:
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Animal’s state of health
Condition of the vaccine
Manner in which it is infected
Immunity is relative
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Can be overcome by massive exposure to germs
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Vaccination not the final answer in disease
control
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Combine with:
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Proper nutrition
Stress reduction
Sanitary measures
Antigen-Antibody reaction
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After vaccine is injected
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Stimulates formation of immune bodies against the
disease
May be accompanied by signs of poor health
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Can produce the actual disease
Immune response depends on type of vaccination
given:
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MLV
Killed
Antibody buildup is normal reaction to infection
Helps keep disease-causing organisms from their
normal infectious course
Boosters may be used to supplement or maintain
antibody levels
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Types of immunity
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Natural
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Protection an animal has when it is born
Not associated with antibodies in the body fluids
Species resistance
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Can be specific to a certain species
Ex. Scrapie and sheep
Breed resistance
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Variations in immunity between breeds
Ex. Milk fever more prevalent in Holsteins than Jerseys
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Individual resistance
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Some individuals have higher immunity and will be able to
overcome disease outbreaks
Acquired immunity
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Associated w/ presence of antibodies from another
immune animal or form exposure to the disease
Active immunity
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Direct contact w/ disease causing organisms
Body develops specific antibodies to counteract invasion
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After disease
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After vaccination
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Relatively long-lived and often lifelong
Passive immunity
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Transferring antibodies from an immunized animal to a
susceptible animal
Ex. Colostrum immunity
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Animals have ability to absorb antibodies from
colostrum in first 24 hrs from birth
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Tests are available to test amount of immunoglobulins
in colostrum
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Biologic Agents
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Organisms have been prepared so that they can be
safely given to livestock
Livestock carry protection with them
Modified Live Viruses
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Grown in lab of other animal
Stimulate antibody function in the animal
Can give lower doses, but get high immune response
Not as safe for pregnant cattle
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Killed viruses
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Pathogen is killed
Produced in a suspension
Given in high doses relative to MLV
Safer for pregnant cattle
Unit 17: Vaccination &
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Types of Immunizing Agents
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Viral Vaccines
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Must be propagated in living cells
Can be grown either from tissue culture, or in host or
non-host animals
Bacterial Vaccines
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High doses required to illicit an immune response
Bacteria grown on artificial medium
Usually given in killed form
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Often times altered so as to increase duration of
protection
Vaccinating animals
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What you need:
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Good syringe
Sharp, sterile needles
Sterile techniques
Animal restraint
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Don’t use chemical disinfectants when using
MLV vaccines
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Inactivates the vaccine
Follow administration instructions
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Subdermal
Subcutaneously
Intramuscular
Usually all is given in one place
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Unless large doses are given, then multiple sites
Unit 17: Vaccination &
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Avoid vaccinating sick animals
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Often will cause a disease outbreak
Animal has little ability to maximize the immunity
given because of other pathogen, stress load
Proper Care of Biologics
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Improper care/handling can greatly reduce
strength & effectiveness of the vaccine
Must be free from contaminants
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Don’t reuse needles
Unit 17: Vaccination &
Immunization
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Discard containers only partially used, if not
going to be used for awhile
Keep refrigerated
Empty MLV containers should be burned
Understand expiration dates
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Some may be used past the expiration date, but will
not be at full strength
Some may not be used
MLV bottles should be used w/in 2 hrs, or
vaccine loses potency
Unit 17: Vaccination &
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Most are sensitive to light and heat
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Store in cool, dark places to prevent deterioration
Improper storage can result in failure of vaccine
to work properly