Transcript Chapter 3 Circulation

Section 1 Infectious Disease
When you have an infectious disease,
pathogens have gotten inside your body and
caused harm.
Pathogen: Organisms that cause disease.
Infectious Disease: Disease caused by the
presence of a living thing within the body.
Famous People 1860’s – 1880’s
Joseph Lister: British Surgeon hypothesized that
microorganisms caused infections.
(washed his hands and equipment, what a brilliant man)
Louis Pasteur: Showed that microorganisms cause certain
kinds of diseases. Killing microorganisms can prevent disease.
Robert Koch: demonstrated that each infectious disease is
caused by a specific kind of pathogen.
There are 4 major groups of human pathogens.
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protists
Bacteria: one-celled microorganisms, damage
Body cells directly, and indirectly through toxins.
Toxin: Poison, that attacks kills or damages cells.
Viruses: tiny particles, much smaller than
bacteria. Cannot reproduce unless they are
inside a living cell.
Colds and Flu are caused by viruses.
Over 200 kinds.
Meds don’t work, body must kill with immune
system.
Fungi:
molds and yeast
grows in warm, dark, and moist areas.
Examples: athlete’s foot and ringworm.
Protists: eukaryotic organisms unicellular, and
multicellular organisms, such as the protozoans,
slime molds, brown algae, and red algae.
Examples:
Malaria
African Sleeping Sickness
Amebic Dysentery
Pathogens can spread through contact with:
Infected person
Soil
Food
Water
Contaminated object
Infected animal
Section 2 The Body’s Defenses
First line of Defense:
Surfaces of Skin
Breathing Passages
Mouth
Stomach
These barriers trap and kill most all pathogens
that try to enter the body.
Skin:
Chemicals in oil and sweat
Fall off with dead skin
Tightly lined skin cells
Normally enters through skin cuts
Breathing Passages:
Contain mucus and cilia
Sneeze and Cough
Mouth & Stomach:
Saliva contains destructive chemicals
Acid in stomach
In the inflammatory response, fluid and white
blood cells leak from blood vessels into nearby
tissues. The white blood cells then fight the
pathogens.
White Blood Cells
Phagocyte: white blood cell that engulfs
pathogens and destroys them by breaking them
down.
Inflammation
Blood vessels widen
Bigger area faster response
Extra fluid, creates a swollen area
Fever
Chemicals produce fever
Increased temp restricts infections ability
to spread reproduce & grow.
The cells of the immune system can
distinguish between different kinds of
pathogens. The immune system cells
React to each kind of pathogen with a
defense targeted specifically at that
pathogen.
T Cell
To identify pathogens and distinguish one
kind of pathogen form another.
B Cell
Produces proteins that help destroy
pathogens.
Antibodies: are made for specific
antigens, marks them for death.
Disease caused by the virus, HIV.
HIV is the only kind of virus known to
attack the human immune system
directly and destroy T cells.
Section 3 Preventing Infectious
Disease
Immunity: The body’s ability to
Destroy pathogens before they can
cause disease.
Active Immunity: Your own immune
system produces antibodies in
response to the presence of a pathogen.
The Immune Response
T cells and B cells keep the “memory” of
how to destroy pathogens that have all
ready entered the body.
This response can last for life.
Vaccination
The process by which harmless antigens
are deliberately introduced into a person’s
body to produce active immunity.
Vaccine: consists of pathogens that have
been weakened or killed but can still
trigger the immune system.
When You Do Get Sick
Antibiotic: chemical that kills bacteria or
slows their growth with out harming body
cells.
Nothing you can take for a viral infection.
Passive Immunity
A person acquires passive immunity when
the antibodies that fight the pathogen
come from a source other than the
person’s body.
Section 4 Noninfectious Disease
Diseases that are not caused by pathogens
in the body.
Can not be transmitted from person to
person.
An allergy develops in response to various
foreign substances that set off a series of
reactions in the body.
Allergens: A substance that causes an
allergy.
Histamine: a chemical that is responsible
For the symptoms of an allergy, such as
Sneezing and watery eyes.
Asthma:
A disorder in which the respiratory
passages narrow significantly.
Can be brought on by stress and
exercise.
High levels of glucose in the blood and
may even excrete glucose in the urine. The
person’s body cells, however, do not have
enough glucose.
Insulin: enables body cell to take in
glucose from the blood and use it for
energy.
Short-Term Effects:
Weight loss
Feeling weak
Hungry all the time
Feeling thirsty
Long-term Effects:
Blindness
Kidney Failure
Heart Disease
Type I
Begins in childhood or early adulthood
Pancreas produces little or no insulin
Type II
Develops during adulthood
Pancreas does not make enough insulin,
or body cells do not respond normally to
insulin
Control through proper diet, and exercise.
A disease in which cells multiply
uncontrollably, over and over,
destroying healthy tissue in the
process.
How Cancer Develops
Tumors: Cells dividing out of control, not all
tumors are cancerous. Cancer cells break off
and destroy healthy tissue.
Blood and Lymph vessels can carry cancer
cells around the body for new tumors to
form.
Causes of Cancer
Tumors: Cells dividing out of control, not all
tumors are cancerous. Cancer cells break off
and destroy healthy tissue.
Blood and Lymph vessels can carry cancer
cells around the body for new tumors to
form.
Cancer Treatment
Surgery: Removal
Drugs: Use of chemicals to destroy cancer
cells.
Radiation: High-energy waves to kill cancer
cells, in specific spots.
Cancer Prevention
Avoid Carcinogens
Low-Fat Diet
Regular Checkups… Catch it early
Section 5 Cancer and the Environment
First Studies
1700’s
Chimney Sweeps
Skin Cancer
A Link Between Soot and Cancer
Percivall Pott
Carcinogens in soot
Same stuff in in the tar of cigarette
smoke
Carcinogens in the Environment
The environment many contain
carcinogens. To reduce the risk of cancer,
carcinogens need to be removed or people
need to be protected from them. (EPA)
Ultraviolet Light
Skin Cancer
Ozone going away
Vinyl Chloride
Colorless gas
PVC – plastic products
pipes, coating for wires,
packaging, upholstery,
house wares, car parts.
Liver, brain, lung cancer
Arsenic
Naturally Occurs in soil and rock
Wood Preservative
(CCA) pressure treat
Liver, Bladder, Kidney, and Lung
cancer