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Personal Development Health and Physical Education HSC Enrichment Day 2013 Core 1 Health Priorities in Australia The Role of Epidemiology The health status of a country or community is determined by combining the health status of each member of the population. Therefore, Australia’s health status is a reflection of the status of all individual Australians. (Gunstone et al, 2009, p. 8) Epidemiology is… • The study of causes and distribution of sickness and death of a population • It is the study of disease among particular populations or groups within society Measures of Epidemiology – Current Trends The key measures used to determine health status are: Mortality The number of deaths from a condition and/or in a group during a specific period of time (death rates) Morbidity Ill health, illness or disease in an individual and levels of ill health in a population group Infant Mortality Refers to children <1 yr of age who die of any cause Life Expectancy Refers to how long an individual is expected to live Video Clip. Measures of Epidemiology – Current Trends Measure of Epidemiology Trend Reason Mortality Improvements in road safety measures, falls in smoking rates. Improvements in prevention, detection & treatment of diseases. Morbidity Illness/disease with the biggest ‘burden’ is largely treatable; an increase in certain risk factors such as body mass and high BP Life Expectancy Infant Mortality The control of infectious diseases, improved hygiene & sanitation, advances in medical care, better working conditions, & nutrition; health education & reductions in smoking. Changes in behaviours, exposures, health interventions, social & environmental circumstances & the effects of medical & technological advances. Cancer Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start - for example, cancer that begins in the lung is called lung cancer; cancer that begins in the melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma. Cancer Graph 5 Graph 6 Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) The term cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and includes conditions such as: CVD Condition Also known as… Coronary heart disease Ischaemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Stroke Hypertension High blood pressure Peripheral vascular disease Heart disease in the legs and feet Myocardial infarction Heart attack Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Video Clip 1 Video Clip 2 Injury An injury is the physical damage (for example, a bruise, broken bone or brain damage) that results when a human body is suddenly or briefly subjected to intolerable levels of energy There are many causes of injury, including being struck by an object (a car, for example), cut by a knife, falling, or coming in contact with fi re or with a toxic chemical. The focus here is on the causes of injury (referred to as ‘external causes’) rather than the physical damage. (AIHW, 2012) Injuries are further categorised into two main types: 1. Unintentional (for example, motor vehicle crashes, falls) 2. Intentional (for example, assault, self-harm). (AIHW, 2012) Graph 9. Injury Risk and Protective Factors Risk Factors: • • • • • Chronic disease is related to diet and are a major cause of death and disability in Australia, and their prevalence is steadily increasing. Almost 60% of Australians aged 15 & over do not do enough physical activity to benefit their health, Being overweight or obese Tobacco smoking is the single most preventable cause of ill health and death in Australia Excessive use of alcohol leads to substantial health and social harms each year. Protective Factors: • • • • • • • Screening Regular check-ups Education al programs. OH &S legislation Seeking support networks Managing stress Wear protective clothing Determinants Sociocultural Cancer CVD Injury Socioeconomic Environmental • Young females smoking • Habits – “tanning” culture • smoking rates in unemployed • education levels; awareness eg. screening • Outdoor workers • Workplace hazards/chemicals • Rural/remote • Family history • Gender: males • ATSI • income and unemployment • Rural/remote • ATSI • Risk taking in males • Social pressure • Relationship breakdown • income and unemployment • Workplace hazards • Rural/remote • Unsafe environments Groups at Risk Cancer CVD • Indigenous Australians • Socioeconomically disadvantaged communities • People who live in rural and remote regions of Australia • Males and Females • Indigenous Australians • Socioeconomically disadvantaged communities • People who live in rural and remote regions of Australia • Elderly Injury • • • • Elderly (Falls) ATSI Children (drowning) Young Males (MVA’s, mental health injuries)