Transcript Slide 1

Transporting Hazardous
Materials
Mariam Al- Haj Ali
27th October, 2008
guidelines for Transporting Hazardous Substances:
1. Transportation modes
2. Classification of hazardous substances
3. safe packaging
4. developing a working relationship between –
the sender, the carrier and the receiver
Modes of Transportation
Numerical Ranking
Chemicals are ranked numerically according to the hazards associated
with them.
-Health hazards
- Fire hazards
-Reactivity
-Special hazards related to a chemical
Identification Number (UN/NA)
UN Number -
• Numerical (XXXX) system to overcome language barriers
• Currently about 3000 numbers allocated. Against estimated
>60,000 dangerous chemicals
Proper Shipping Name (PSN) • Examples :
– UN 0209 - Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
– UN 1223 - Kerosene
– UN 1993 - Flammable liquid N.O.S.
– UN 3175 - Solids containing flammable liquids N.O.S.
Packing Groups
Packing Group number (I, II or III) assigned to each proper
shipping name.
The Packing Group number identifies the Degree of Danger
presented by the material.
•PG I - Greatest Danger
•PG II - Moderate Danger
•PG III - Minor Danger
PG concept is not applicable to explosives, gases, organic
peroxides, infectious substances & radioactive materials
Hazardous materials classes
The hazard class of a hazardous material is indicated
either by:
its class (or division) number
its class name
Class 1 - Explosives
•They are chemically or energetically
unstable or they produce a sudden
expansion of the material usually
accompanied by the production of heat and
large changes in pressure (and typically also
a flash and/or loud noise) upon initiation.
•Divided into six (6) division
•Examples: Picric Acid.
Class 2 :
• Types of Transportation
systems
– Compressed - Oxygen Cylinders
– Deeply refrigerated- Liquefied
Nitrogen
– Dissolved - Acetone.
• Divisions 2.1 : Flammable gases - LPG
2.2 : Non-flammable / non-toxic
gases - Nitrogen
2.3 : Toxic gases
- Arsine
Gases
Class 3 - Flammable Liquid
Flammable Liquids
•Liquid with flashpoint of ( 23 to 60.5°C)
•Flashpoint is the temperature of a liquid at which it’s
vapor will ignite.
•Examples: Paint thinner, Acetone, Methanol
Use flammable liquids only where there is plenty of ventilation.
Be careful not to get a flammable liquid on you or your clothing.
 If you get it on you, wash it off or change your clothes as soon as
you can.
Keep flammable liquids away from any open flame or spark and
never smoke where flammable liquids are present.
Follow the manufacturer’s suggestions for their use.
Class 4 : Flammable Solids

They may react violently or
explosively :
• May be ignited with friction, heat,
sparks or flame.
e.g. Sulphur, UN 1350
Class 4 : Flammable Solids
•
On contact with water, emit flammable gases.
e.g. Magnesium & Sodium powder, UN 1418
http://www.blazetech.com/Products___Services/Fires_and_Explosions/Magnesium_
Fire/magnesium_fire.html
• Liable to spontaneous combustion
e.g. White or yellow phosphorous, UN 1381
This is a picture of yellow phosphorus This is a picture of phosphorus burning
spontaneous combustion
• It is a type of combustion which occurs without an external ignition
source
How spontaneous combustion occurs?
• A substance with a relatively low ignition temperature begins to
release heat, which may occur in several ways, such as oxidation or
fermentation.
• The heat is unable to escape, and the temperature of the material
rises
• The temperature of the material rises above its ignition point
• Combustion begins, if sufficient oxygen is present.
Safety:
• place the material in a tightly confined, self-closing disposal
container (thus greatly limiting the supply of oxygen or water vapor)
Flammable Solids Safe Handling Guideline
For metallic flammable solids (e.g., phosphorus,
sodium, lithium, magnesium) do not use water, foam
or carbon dioxide as a fire suppressant.
Dousing metallic fires with water may generate
hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion
hazard,
You must have a class D extinguisher on hand if you
are using these materials
Class 5 – Oxidizing Substances
Oxidizers
Division 5.1 Oxidizers
Substances which, while in themselves not
necessarily combustible may, generally by
yielding oxygen cause or contribute to, the
combustion of other material.
e.g.
Sodium Nitrate, UN 1498
Potassium permanganate, UN 1490
Class / Division 5.2 : Organic
Peroxides
• Thermally unstable substances which
may undergo exothermic selfaccelerating decomposition.
• Affected by heat, friction, impurities .
Class 6 - Toxic (Poisonous) Substances
Toxic Substances
Divided into two (2) divisions
Division 6.1 Toxic (other than gas)
(oral / inhalation / dermal toxicity)
Example: Cyanides
Division 6.2 Infectious Substances
Example: Hepatitis B virus
Class 7 - Radioactive Materials
Radioactive Materials e.g. thorium and uranium compounds
No Packing Group for this class
Type I Low activity / hazards
Type II High activity / hazard
Class 8 - Corrosive Materials
Corrosives
•Substances which by chemical action, will cause severe damage
when in contact with living tissues
•In the case of leakage could destroy other goods or the
transport equipment.
Examples: Acids, Bases (HCl, NaOH, H2SO4)
Class 9 - Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods
•Material presents hazard during transport but doesn't meet definition
of any other hazard class
Example: Dry Ice
Packaging
All dangerous goods must be shipped in packaging that has
been manufactured and tested to meet specific performance
standards as described by CFR 173.24.
 Package specifications will help ensure that:
1. The material is compatible with the packing material.
2. The package will help prevent a release during
activities incident to transportation.
Hazardous Materials Communications
Once the material is identified and placed in the proper package,
other steps are followed to convey the type of hazard a material
poses to persons exposed to the material during shipment
(including emergency responders).
There are four (4) elements of hazardous material communication
that are referenced in 49 CFR 172. They are:
•Shipping papers
•Marking
•Labeling
•Placarding
Shipping Papers (172.200)
Each shipping description must include the following
information:
•Proper shipping name
•Hazard Class or Division
•Identification Number (UN/NA)
•Packing Group
•Quantity and Unit of Measure
•Emergency Phone Number
Identification Number (UN/NA)
UN Number -
• Numerical (XXXX) system to overcome language barriers
• Currently about 3000 numbers allocated. Against estimated
>60,000 dangerous chemicals
Proper Shipping Name (PSN) • Examples :
– UN 0209 - Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
– UN 1223 - Kerosene
– UN 1993 - Flammable liquid N.O.S.
– UN 3175 - Solids containing flammable liquids N.O.S.
Packing Groups
Packing Group number (I, II or III) assigned to each proper
shipping name.
The Packing Group number identifies the Degree of Danger
presented by the material.
•PG I - Greatest Danger
•PG II - Moderate Danger
•PG III - Minor Danger
PG concept is not applicable to explosives, gases, organic
peroxides, infectious substances & radioactive materials
Emergency Phone Number
All shipping papers must contain a 24-hour emergency number.
This number must be attended at all times the package is in transit
Must be answered by an individual able to provide immediate
information on the package.
Shipping Papers – Example of Basic Description
Proper shipping Name
acetone
Hazard Class/Division
3
Identification Number
UN 1090
Packing Group
PG II
These four elements must appear in this order!
Package Marking
Marking is written information on
the package.
The marking information will include:
•Shipping name
•UN/NA identification number
•Name and address of the receiver
•Name and address of the shipper
Additional Container Markings
Additional types of markings that may be required for packages
containing hazardous materials include:

Directional arrows

Inhalation hazard warning
Marking
Marking must be :
•Durable
•In English
•Well contrasted from the background color (i.e., no black
on black)
•Away from and unobscured by other labels or
attachments
Labeling
For each material you will find the required
Hazard Label(s).
These labels are related to the Hazard
class/division of the (dangerous goods) in the
package.
Placarding
Placards are the large diamond shaped labels posted on the
exterior of the transport vehicle.
Placards are similar to labels in shape, color, and design and
are designed to warn and guide emergency responders of
appropriate actions to take in the event of an accident.
Placards also serve to alert the general public to the potential
hazards of the material.
Emergency Information To Accompany Shipment
•Description of the hazardous material
•Immediate hazards to health
•Immediate methods for handling small or large fires, spills
or leaks.
•Preliminary first aid measures
Package Handling & Storage
•Handle packages carefully to prevent accidents.
•Carry packages securely.
•Store package in upright position, out of pedestrian traffic,
until it is delivered or picked up by the appropriate recipient
•Don't stack boxes of hazardous materials.
Package Receipt
Examine the exterior of all packages before accepting them
•If any problems are observable DO NOT ACCEPT the shipment
•Do not touch a container that is open, leaking, weeping, broken.
•Damaged, wet or leaking packages are the responsibility of the
transporter.
sender, Carrier and Receiver
Responsibilities for Successful
Transportation
The carrier
 Provides advice to the sender regarding the
necessary shipping documents and instructions for
their completion
 Provides advice to the sender about correct
packaging
 Assists the sender in arranging the most direct
routing and then confirms the routing
 Maintains and archives the documentation for
shipment and transport.
Shipments should not be dispatched until:
Advance arrangements have been made between the
sender, carrier and receiver
The shipper has confirmed with the national authorities
that the material may be legally exported
The receiver has confirmed with the national authorities
that the material may be legally imported
The receiver has confirmed that there will be no delay
incurred in the delivery of the package to its destination.
Chemical Spills
Do NOT attempt to clean up a spill if any
of the following conditions apply:
More than one chemical has spilled
The quantity spilled is greater than one liter
The substance is unknown or you are uncertain
of the hazards of the substance
You are uncomfortable in the situation.
Preparing For Emergencies
Have available to you:
•DOT Emergency Response Guide
Book
•Access to instructions and /or
material safety data sheets for the
chemical in use.
•Access to PPE (i.e., gloves and
safety goggles ) to clean up a spill
•Access to spill absorbents (Spill pads or
pillows) sufficient to contain and absorb
1 liter of liquid
• Access to Plastic bags or containers to
place spill waste material
•Emergency Phone Number
Spill pads or pillows sufficient to
contain and absorb 1 liter of liquid
Plastic bags or containers to place
spill waste material
 Emergency Phone Numbers
Spills
There are two types of spills:
•SIMPLE SPILLS - one which you can safely clean up yourself.
Less than 1 L of a Known Material
•HIGH HAZARD SPILLS - one which you can't safely clean up
yourself . Contact the Safety & Assurance for additional
assistance.
Minor Spill Response
(Less than 1 L of a Known Material)
Minor spills may be controlled and cleaned up by
employees who work with the substance and
understand the hazards of the material following
these steps:
Alert people in the immediate area of the spill
Wear protective equipment, including safety
goggles, gloves and a long-sleeved shirt or
other protective clothing;
Avoid breathing vapors from the spill;
If spilled material is flammable, turn off
ignition and heat sources.
Apply spill pillow/pads or other
absorbent material, first around the
outside of the spill, encircling the
material, then absorb to the center
of the spill.
Sweep/shovel up absorbent
material.
Dispose of all materials (gloves, brooms,
paper towels) used to clean up the spill in
a sealed container.
Label and dispose of all bags or containers
as hazardous waste.
Contact Safety officer for a
hazardous waste collection.
Report the incident to your
supervisor or Safety officer.
Major Spill Response
(More than 1 L or Unknown Material)
Attend to injured or contaminated
persons and remove them from
exposure as practical.
Alert other persons in
the area to evacuate
Close the doors to the affected
area.
•Ask for help !!!
“777”
•Give your name, information
on the material spilled (name,
quantity, etc) and the exact
location of the spill (room,
floor, etc.).
•Report to the building entrance to
provide information to and/or assist
emergency personnel.
Chemical spill on body
Remove all contaminated clothing
Flood exposed area with
running water from:
a faucet or safety shower
for at least 15 minute
 Have another individual to obtain medical
attention
 Report the incident to your supervisor or
Safety officer.
Chemical Splashed in Eye:
Immediately rinse eyeball and inner surface of
eyelid with water continuously for 15 minutes.
Forcibly hold eye lid(s) open to ensure effective
wash behind eyelids.
Obtain medical attention
Report the incident to your supervisor or
instructor and Safety Officer.
Infectious substances
Infectious substances
•contain microorganisms (including: bacteria, viruses, parasites,
fungi)
•can cause disease in humans or animals.
•Infectious substances are divided into two categories.
Infectious substance, Category A
Infectious substance, Category B
Infectious substance, Category A
• causing permanent disability, life-threatening
or fatal disease in otherwise healthy humans
or animals.
• NOTE: An exposure occurs when an infectious
substance is released outside of the
protective container
Infectious substance, Category B
An infectious substance which does not meet the criteria for
inclusion in Category A.
Infectious substances in Category B shall be assigned to UN 3373.
Category B
Patient specimens
• These are human or animal materials, collected
directly from humans or animals, being
transported for research, diagnosis,
investigational activities, disease
• treatment and prevention.
• NOTE: The proper shipping name of UN 3373
is “BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE, CATEGORY B”
Blood borne Pathogens
You Are At Risk!
-As a healthcare worker, you come into contact With blood
borne pathogens.
-These are infectious organisms, usually viruses, which live in
human blood and other potentially infectious body fluids.
-The most important ones are…
-Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
-Hepatitis C Virus
Blood needed for transmission
•The amount of blood needed to
cause HBV infection is very mall.
•One milliliter of blood contains
up to 100 million infectious
particles.
•Of the persons exposed to HBV
by needle stick, 30% will get
the infection.
Transmission by Needle stick
•The risk of acquiring hepatitis C virus
from a needle stick involving an
individual who has detectable virus in
the blood is as high as 5% and about 2%
on the average.
No vaccine is currently available for
hepatitis C virus…..
How easily is HIV transmitted?
•After an exposure to HIV by a contaminated
needle, the chance of becoming infected is
usually less than 1%.
•However, exposures from patients with
high numbers of viral particles in their
blood may be more hazardous.
•Because of the extremely serious nature
of HIV, we must take every precaution to
avoid workplace exposure.
Exceptions
The following substances are exempted from dangerous
goods requirements and regulations:
• substances that do not contain infectious substances or
will not cause disease in humans or animals
• substances containing microorganisms that are not
pathogenic to humans or animals
• substances in which any pathogens present have been
neutralized or inactivated such that they no longer pose a
health risk
Exceptions (continued)
• environmental samples (including food and water
samples) that are not considered to pose a significant risk
of infection
• blood and/or blood components collected and shipped
for the purposes of transfusion
• dried blood spots and fecal occult blood screening tests
• decontaminated medical or clinical wastes.
Preventative Measures
Preventative measures are actions that
you can take to protect yourself from
blood borne pathogens.
•Hepatitis B Vaccine
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
•PPE includes items such as:
•Gloves
•Masks
•Eye protection
Work Practice Controls
•Wherever there is a risk of
exposure, forbid:
•Smoking
• Eating or drinking
•Handling contact lenses
•Hair, hair cover or beard
from coming into contact
with contaminants.
Importance of Hand washing
•Hand washing is the most
important method of infection
control and prevention available.
Sharps
•A sharp is any object which can penetrate
the skin.
•Examples include:
•Needles
•Broken glass
•About 800,000 needle stick and sharps
injuries occur in the U.S. healthcare
workplace each year!
•It is important to handle and dispose
sharps properly.
Medical advice should be obtained any time
there is a suspected exposure to infectious
substances resulting from a damaged package.
Packaging, labeling and documentation requirements for infectious substances in Category B
Packaging.
Packaging should comply fully with the requirements of P650 .
General preparation of shipments for transport
Shippers of infectious substances shall
ensure that packages are prepared in
such a manner that they:
•arrive at their destination in good
condition
•and present no hazard to persons
or animals during transport.
Biohazardous Material Transport through Public
Areas Within a Building:
Safe transport includes the following:
Placing the biohazardous material in a
primary specimen container (blood tubes,
agar plates, flasks, test tubes, ) secured with
a tight-fitting cap, Parafilm, or tape.
Placing the primary container in a
secondary container with absorbent towels
to cushion the primary container and absorb
liquids in the event of a leak or spill.
The secondary container must be labeled
with a biohazard symbol.
Packaging system for all infectious substances
Off-campus
The packaging should consist of three components:
(i) a leak-proof primary receptacle(s)
(ii) a leak-proof , durable secondary packaging
iii) an outer packaging of adequate strength, and with
at least one surface having minimum dimensions of
100 mm × 100 mm
Package Quantity
For surface transport there is no maximum quantity per
package.
For air transport:
• no primary receptacle shall exceed 1 l (for liquids) or
the outer packaging mass limit (for solids)
• the volume shipped per package shall not exceed 4 l
or 4 kg.
These quantities exclude ice, dry ice or liquid nitrogen
when used to keep specimens cold.
Marking
Each package shall display the following information:
• for air:
the shipper’s name, address and telephone number
the telephone number of a responsible person, knowledgeable
about the shipment
the proper shipping name (“BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE, CATEGORY B”)
• For other transportation modes
the receiver’s name, address and telephone number
All markings should be clearly visible and not covered by any other label
or marking.
Marking – Category B, for Air Transportation
“BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE, CATEGORY B”
 This marking is used for shipments of Category B infectious
substances.
The words “BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE, CATEGORY B” shall be
displayed adjacent to the mark.
Labeling
There are two types of labels:
(a) hazard labels : required for most
dangerous goods in all classes.
Specific hazard label(s) shall be
affixed to the outside of each
package for all dangerous goods
to be shipped.
(b) handling labels in various
shapes are required, either
alone or in addition to hazard
labels.
Labeling – Category B
Note: For air transport:
• When dry ice (solid carbon dioxide), this
label shall be applied.
• Dry ice is colder than (-73° Centigrade)
Note: For air transport:
For cryogenic liquids (deeply refrigerated liquefied gases), these
Handling labels should also be affixed to outer packaging
Documentation
The following shipping documents are required :
• for international shipments: a packing list/ invoice that
includes:
Shipper's address
Receiver’s address
Number of packages
Detail of contents, weight, value
Fedex Declaration Form
Refrigerants (Dry Ice)
If dry ice is used:
It must not be placed inside the primary or
secondary receptacle because of the risk of
explosions.
 It shall be placed outside the secondary
receptacle.
The package shall be marked “Carbon
dioxide, solid” or “Dry ice”
the outermost packaging shall carry the
hazard label for dry ice.
Dry Ice Safety
•Safety Key #1: Dry ice is extremely cold (-109 F = -78.3°C)
Always use gloves when handling dry ice.
•Safety Key #2: Carbon Dioxide is heavier than oxygen, and will displace
oxygen in the air.
Always use in a well-ventilated area.
If transporting Dry Ice in a vehicle, open the windows of the vehicle while
driving. Leave the windows cracked open if you need to park the vehicle.
Ideally, you would store the dry ice in a well-ventilated area. If this isn’t
possible, always ventilate the storage area before entering.
Safety Key #3: Dry ice turns into gas and expands. Dry ice stored in a
tightly sealed container is potentially explosive.
http://www.fun-science-project-ideas.com/Dry_Ice_Safety.html
Refrigerants (Wet Ice)
Wet ice shall be placed in a leak-proof
container.
The outer packaging or over pack shall
also be leak-proof.
 Gel Ice is a subsititute for wet ice and is
used
to help maintain the temperature of fresh
and frozen shipments 24 hours to Freeze.
It will last 24-36 hours if undisturbed in
styrofoam cooler.
Refrigerants (Liquid Nitrogen)
If liquid nitrogen is used as a refrigerant, special arrangements shall be
made in advance with the carrier.
Primary receptacles shall be capable of withstanding extremely low
temperatures.
 The outermost packaging shall carry the hazard label for liquid nitrogen.
Hazard label for
liquid nitrogen
Small blood spills
•Use appropriate personal protective
equipment.
•Put paper towels on the spill
to blot and avoid splattering
•Then applying disinfectant.
Looking for a quick and easy way to
clean up and deodorize potentially
dangerous blood and body fluid
spills?
Red Z is available in a flip-top
shaker bottle.
Just shake Red Z directly onto
the spill and within seconds
the spill has been solidified.
The granulated gel can be
scooped up with no splashing,
spraying, or dripping.
Universal Precaution Compliance
Kit
Designed in accordance with CDC and OSHA recommendations, this kit
contains everything necessary to clean up blood, spills, and bodily fluids.
Universal Precaution Kit Includes:
•Disposable protective gown
•Disposable latex gloves (one pair)
•Disposable mask with eye shield
•One packet of Red-Z absorbent
•Disposable scoop and scraper to pick up
solidified spill
•Super-Chlor XL premoistened wipe for
surfaces and equipment
•One Vionex antimicrobial skin wipe for single
use
•Detailed instructions
Asepto-Sol Imression / Gypsum Disinfectant
Asepto-Sol is designed to provide a practical,
effective and safe technique for disinfecting
impressions as well as gypsum casts.
 It enables the dentist to disinfect the
impression by spraying or soaking the
impression in the solution for 10 minutes.
As an extra precaution and to achieve a higher
level of disinfection, the solution can be mixed
with the gypsum itself, without any risk of
dimensional change or weakening of the stone
cast.
 this second step enables the stone cast to
virtually disinfect itself automatically.
Safe-Seal Laboratory Transport and
Specimen Bag
OSHA SAYS....IT MUST PREVENT LEAKAGE
"Specimens of blood or other
infectious materials shall be placed
in a container which prevents
leakage during collection, handling,
processing, storage, transport or
shipping".
References:
1. WHO Guidance on regulations for the Transport of Infectious Substances, 2007–
2008.
2. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SHIPPING AND TRANSPORTATION AWARENESSTRAINING.
http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/EHSRM/TRAINING/HazMat_Training.html
3. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, August 2008.
http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=%2Findex.tpl
4. Transporting infectious substances safely, Federal Regiter.
http://hazmat.dot.gov/training/Transporting_Infectious_Substances_Safely.pdf
5. Hazardous Materials: Flammable Solids Safe Handling Guideline.
http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/eshmanual/references/hazmatGuideFlamSolid.pdf
Thank you