Transcript DW1_PP_What is Disaster Waste

WASH Cluster – Emergency Training
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Disaster Waste in Emergencies
Session 1
What is Disaster Waste?
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What is Disaster Waste ?
Abnormal generation of waste
resulting from a natural disaster or
conflict
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Types of Disaster Waste
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Sediment, soil and vegetation
Hazardous wastes
Building debris
Household possessions
Relief waste such as packaging
Unexploded ordnance and military vehicles
Healthcare waste
Waste from:
– internally displaced people [IDP] camps
– relief workers accommodation
– host community / municipal waste
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Different Disasters
Different disasters are likely to generate different
types of waste:
•Tsunami: Vegetation, human and animal remains, building
debris, municipal, camp and from relief operations
•Earthquake: building debris, healthcare
•Floods: households goods, healthcare, animal carcasses, camp
•Hurricanes/Typhoons: similar to floods + building debris and
vegetation
•Post-conflict: destroyed buildings, military hardware,
unexploded ordnance (UXO), depleted uranium (DU), camp and
from relief operations
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Why is Waste Management Important ?
• Protect public health
• Protect environment and reduce
risks
• Opportunity for saving costs /
income generation
• Support sustainable livelihoods
• Ensure all wastes and necessary
approvals covered
• Reduce future risks and
liabilities
• Ensure proper Health & Safety
for workers
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Managing Disaster Waste
• Waste management is a multiple cluster and
cross-sector issue – health, construction,
municipal services, financial, industry, tourism.
• Important that all stakeholders have an
appreciation of waste threats and challenges
but also of opportunities.
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Managing Disaster Waste
• When planning for camp and host community
general and household waste ensure:
• All stakeholders are involved to ensure cultural
and social norms specific to the context are
considered.
• Work is closely coordinated with Community
Mobilisers / Public Health Promotion staff for
effective information collection & dissemination
• Beneficiaries are involved in collection and
maintenance activities from the beginning
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Disaster Waste Generation Phases
Source: MSB “Disaster Waste Management Framework” Dec 2008
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Typical Disaster Waste Sources
Damaged and
Destroyed
Agriculture Areas
 Organic Matter
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Soft organics (leaves, fruit)
Wood (trunks, branches,
coconut husks)
Soil with high conductivity
 Hazard Waste from flooded storage areas
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Fertilizer
Pesticides
Engine Oil and batteries from service stations
Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008
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Damaged and Destroyed Buildings
 Construction and
Demolition Waste
 Metal
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Roof Sheets, Cable, Cupper
White Metal Goods, Car
wrecks
 Hazard Waste
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Asbestos Roof Sheets
Electronic Equipment,
Refrigerants from Resorts
 Household Related Waste
 Wood
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untreated Wood
treated Wood
Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008
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General Municipal & Household Waste
 Municipal / Household Wastes
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Food waste
Packaging including tins, bottles and wrappings
Plastics, paper and cardboard
Glass
Etc.
Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008
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Relief Related Waste
 Camp Related Waste
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household related waste
leachate through shoreline dumping
no segregation
no controlled storage / dumping
Reconstruction Related Waste
 Reconstruction
Activities
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wood
demolition waste
packaging of construction
materials
Source: DWR “Disaster Waste Management Plan Workshop” State of Tabasco Jan 2008
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste is hazardous when it
contains properties that might
make it harmful to our health or the
environment
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Main Components of Hazard Waste
Engine Oil – Waste Oil
Asbestos
Fertilizer & Pesticides
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Batteries
Electronic Equipment
Oil Contaminated Soil
Health Care Waste
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ASBESTOS: Definition
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that has
been in use on a commercial scale for about 150
years
•Ideal for:
o Fireproofing
o Insulating material
•Hazardous to human health if inhaled
o fibres enter lungs
Asbestos Fibre
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ASBESTOS: Common Uses
The major uses for asbestos materials
in buildings are:
Sprayed asbestos and lagging
Asbestos cement
Asbestos insulating board
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What is Health Care Waste ?
WHO:
All waste from a health care facility that
includes both potential infectious waste
and non-infectious waste materials
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Infectious Health Care Waste
WHO:
• Infectious sharps: syringes or other
needles, blades, infusion sets, broken
glass or other items that can cause direct
injury
• Infectious non-sharps: materials that have
been in contact with human blood or its
derivatives
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Infectious Health Care Waste
• bandages, swabs or items soaked with blood
• isolation wastes from highly infectious
patients - including food residues
• used and obsolete vaccine vials
• bedding and other contaminated materials
infected with human pathogens
• Human excreta from patients are also
included in this category
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What is Not Infectious
Health Care Waste ?
• materials that have not been in contact
with patients such as paper and plastic
packaging, metal, glass or other wastes similar to household wastes.
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What is Debris ?
• Clean Rubble
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Concrete
Bricks
Rocks
Wood
Plaster
Metal
Paper
Plastic
Tiles
• Hazardous Materials
o Asbestos
o Heavy metals (i.e. lead
in piping)
o Paint
o Adhesives
o Contaminated soil, etc.
o Can contaminate the
whole waste stream
Rubble for recovery needs to be clean of contaminants and
hazardous materials
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Mixed Rubble
Mixed Rubble cannot be readily recovered and will require
additional work to segregate such items as timber, plastics etc.:
Timber
Plastics
Furnishings
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Sources of Rubble
 Rubble clean-up
 Demolition of buildings
 Repair of buildings
 Demolition of bridges
 Rehabilitation of roads
 Construction waste
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Removal of rubble provides access for Search & Rescue
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Removal of waste reduces public health risks
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Identification and proper handling of hazardous waste protects
communities from health risks
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Waste factors in Rapid Environmental Assessments
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Recycling of waste materials supports economic recovery
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Recycling of rubble provides building materials for shelter
programmes
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Set foundation for normalising ensuing municipal solid waste
management
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Capturing knowledge, data and information during disaster waste
response can feed into future disaster preparedness planning
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Emergency Shelter
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Early Recovery
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Logistics
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Camp Coordination/Management
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Education
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Health
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Environment
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Challenges
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Co-ordination
Technical
Logistics
Awareness and input of stakeholders (community,
land owners, government)
Policy
Integration with long-term sustainable WM
systems
Human and financial resources
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Threats
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Health and Safety:
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vegetation, soil, sediment, re-deposited
municipal waste
hazardous (chemicals, oils, asbestos)
healthcare waste
excreta
demolition wastes
relief (IDP) wastes
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Environment
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Livelihoods
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Threats: Health and Safety
Chemical Risks:
• Direct dermal contact with contaminants (oils, acids)
• Inhalation of:
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Products of incomplete combustion (dioxins/furans,
volatilised heavy metals)
Dust (PM10)
CO2 asphyxiation in confined spaces (LFG)
Asbestos fibres
• Ingestion of surface/groundwater impacted by leachate (high
organics, ammonium, heavy metals, trace organics – PCBs,
VOCs)
• Explosion of CH4 from LFG
• Nuisance from odours (chemicals or decomposition)
Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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Threats: Health and Safety
Biological Risks:
• Dermal contact/ingestion of faecal material/body fluids
(parasitic, enteric and viral)
• Disease vectors:
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Rat excreta – hanta virus, leptospirosis, plague, scrub
typhus
Mosquitoes – malaria, dengue fever
Flies – bacterial infections
• Nuisance – insects, birds, rodents
Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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Threats: Health and Safety
Physical Risks:
• Collapse of stockpiles
• Cuts and abrasions from sharp objects
• Uncontrolled fires (spontaneous combustion)
• Vehicle accidents
• Nuisance – plumes, wind or wave-blown litter
Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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Threats: Environment
Local Environmental Risks:
• Waste – directly contaminates soils (chemicals and
micro-organisms)
• Leachate – contaminates surface, ground and
marine waters, results in stress and/or algal
blooms (eutrophication)
• Landfill gas – dieback of vegetation
• Biodiversity - rodent, insect infestation
• Aesthetics – wind and wave blown litter
Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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Threats: Reconstruction and Livelihoods
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Impedes vehicle, marine and pedestrian access
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Blocks drains/gullies/wells
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Dumping of waste in low-lying agricultural areas (rice paddies) and fishfarming ponds
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Serves as a constant reminder of
the disaster
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Acts as magnet for ongoing flytipping
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Precludes livelihood recovery
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Harbour and channel blockages
prevent resumption of fishing
activities and restricts river and
marine transport
Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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Opportunities
• Valuable Resource Material (coral blocks,
concrete, mortar, steel, electrical cable and
equipment)
• Recycling of demolition waste
• Disaster preparedness
• Composting
• Improved waste management
• Economic development
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Economic Development
• Source of income for IDP’s/unemployed
• Direct “cash for work” projects
• supply of equipment
• sale of recycled products
• Trained workers for the implementation of long-term WM
systems
• Revenue-generation schemes linked to long-term sustainable
WM systems including:
1. Collection and disposal charges
2. Fiscal policy – import duty on aggregates/plastic bottles, landfill tax
3. Promotion – composting, glass bottle return schemes, waste exchange
programmes, financial opportunities for private sector
Source: UNEP “Tsunami Waste Management Plan” Workshops 2005
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Improved WM Systems / Governance
• Incorporate best practice
• Handling of hazardous
wastes
• Consistent systems
• Develop long term,
sustainable waste
management
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