Transcript The RESPIRATORY System

The RESPIRATORY System
Unit 3
Transportation Systems
Functions of the Respiratory
System
• Warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
• Resonating chambers for speech and
sound production
• Carbon dioxide(CO2) and Oxygen(O2)
gas exchange
Structures of the Respiratory
System
Nose
1. Bony framework, cartilage, skin, and mucous
membrane lining
2. Nostrils provide openings
3. Septum separates into right and left sides
4. Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air,
smell (Olfactory Nerve), and provides resonating
chambers for speech and sound production
Nasal Cavity
• Large, air-filled space above and behind
the nose in the middle of the face
Functions
a. Air is warmed, filtered, and humidified
b. Holds nerve endings that provide the
sense of smell (Olfactory Nerve)
Pharynx
1. Funnel-shaped tube
2. Walls composed of skeletal muscle and
lined with mucous membranes
3. Three sections: nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
4.a Passageway for air and food
4.b Resonating chamber for speech
sounds and assists in the formation of
words
Epiglottis
1. Large, leaf-shaped piece of cartilage.
2. Covers the larynx during swallowing
to prevent food from entering the
trachea
•Opening through
the larynx for the
passage of air
Larynx (voice box)
1. Contains vocal cords
• Short passageway connecting the
pharynx and the trachea
2. Contains the epiglottis
Trachea (windpipe)
1. Passageway for air
2. Located anterior to the esophagus
3. Extends from the larynx to the bronchi
4. Supported by cartilage rings to
prevent collapse
Bronchi
1. Two large sets of branches that come
off the trachea and enter the lungs
2. The right primary bronchus is more
vertical, wider, and shorter than the left
3. Inhaled objects are more likely to
lodge in the right bronchus
4. Passageway for air
Bronchioles
1. Bronchi continue to divide to form
smaller tubes called bronchioles
2. Passageway for air
Alveoli
1. Small air sacs which are one-cell thick
and surrounded by many blood capillaries
2. Site of gas exchange between air and
blood
Lungs
• Organs where atmospheric oxygen and
waste carbon dioxide exchange take
place
Tracing Air Flow
• Nose – nasal cavity
• Pharynx (3) – back of throat
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
• Epiglottis - flap
• Larynx – voice box
• Trachea
• Bronchi – right and left branches to lungs
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli – air sacs
• Alveoli-capillary membrane – exchange oxygen
and CO2
• Blood
Diseases and Disorders
Respiratory System
Coryza (Common Cold)
• Caused by one of many viruses
• Signs and symptoms include fatigue,
sneezing, coughing, congestion, body
aches and pains, and nasal secretions
•Can be treated by
medication to reduce
discomfort of signs and
symptoms. Sleep, fluids,
and OTC medication to
treat symptoms.
Pneumonia
• Inflammatory illness of the lung
• Lung inflammation and abnormal
alveolar filling
• Caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasites, and chemical or physical injury
to the lungs
•
Symptoms include cough,
chest pain, fever, and
difficulty breathing
•
Usually treated by
antibiotics
Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer
• Disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues
of the lung
• Growth may lead to invasion of adjacent
tissues and infiltration beyond the lungs
• Most common symptoms are shortness of
breath, coughing, and weight loss
• Common cause is long term exposure to
tobacco smoke
• Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy,
and radiation
Asthma
•Reversible obstructive
airway disease
•Characterized by periods
of coughing, difficulty
breathing, or wheezing
•Caused by spasms of the
smooth muscle that line the
wall of the smaller bronchi
and bronchioles
•Treated by antibiotics or the
use of an inhaler
Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the bronchi
• Caused by genetics, air pollution,
carbon monoxide, respiratory infection,
and deficient antibody levels
• Treated by antibiotics
Tuberculosis
• Infectious, communicable disease that
destroys the lung tissue and pleura
• Inhaled respiratory droplets spread disease
• Treated by medications
Influenza
• Contagious respiratory illness caused
by flu viruses
• Usually comes on suddenly and may
include fever, headache, extreme
tiredness, dry cough, sore throat, runny
or stuffy nose, muscle aches, nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea
Emphysema
• Emphysema is a progressive lung disease that results in
shortness of breath and reduces the capacity for physical
activity.
• Damage to the small air sacs and small airways in your lungs.
This damage obstructs airflow when you exhale. When
emphysema is advanced, one must work so hard to expel air
from their lungs that just the simple act of breathing can
consume a great deal of energy.
• Smoking is the major cause, but with ever increasing air
pollution and other environmental factors that negatively affect
pulmonary patients, those numbers are on the rise
• Emphysema and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD) are related lung conditions that are caused by many
years of cigarette smoking (‘smoker’s lung’).
• An estimated 3.1 million Americans have been diagnosed with
emphysema; 11.2 million U.S. adults were estimated to have
COPD.
Emphysema
Emphysema treatments, which focus on relieving symptoms and
preventing complications, include:
Bronchodilators. These drugs can help relieve coughing,
shortness of breath and trouble breathing by opening
constricted airways, but they're not as effective in treating
emphysema as they are in treating asthma.
Inhaled steroids. Corticosteroid drugs inhaled as aerosol
sprays may relieve symptoms of emphysema associated with
asthma and bronchitis.
Supplemental oxygen. If you have severe emphysema with
low blood oxygen levels, using oxygen at home may provide
some relief.
Surgery and lung transplant is a last resort option.
Careers
• Pulmonologist
• Respiratory Therapist
• Certified Respiratory Technician
Pulmonologist
• In medicine, pulmonology is the specialty that deals
with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract
Pulmonology is generally considered a branch of
internal medicine, although it is closely related to
intensive care medicine when dealing with patients
requiring mechanical ventilation.
• Education – Medical Degree plus 2 years fellowship
training in pulmonology. Most also complete 3 years
subspecialty training in pulmonary medicine and
critical care. (11-14 years of school)
• Salary – Averages over $100,000/yr
Respiratory Therapist
• Practicing under the care of a physician they
evaluate, treat and care for patients with breathing or
other cardiopulmonary disorders.
• Education: Bachelors Degree (4 years)
• Salary: $50,000/yr
Certified Respiratory Technician
• Follow specific, well-defined respiratory care
procedures under the direction of respiratory
therapists and physicians.
• Education: Training program, usually less than 6
months
• Salary - $25,000/yr