Transcript Musical expectancy

Musical Expectancy
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Definition of expectancy
• “Expectancy” refers to the idea that an
antecedent event, or set of events,
implies or anticipates a subsequent
event or set of events
• In music, this means that a given
musical event or passage implies or
anticipates an upcoming musical event
or passage
Impact of expectancy formation/realization
• Relation between expectancy formation
and the apprehension of musical
emotion and meaning
• Impact of expectancy formation on
perceptual and cognitive processing of
music
Musical Expectancy
Basic expectation
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Musical Expectancy
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Questions about the process of expectancy
generation and realization
• The factors underlying the formation of
musical expectations. What processes
give rise to the formation of
expectancies, and influence the content
of these expectations
• The subsequent implications of
expectancy realization on musical
processing, including basic responses to
music, guiding of attention, memory for
music, and so on.
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
The Expectancy Region
(Jones, 1976)
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
Gestalt principles
Melodic processes (Meyer, 1973)
Gap-Fill Pattern
┌───┐
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Linear Pattern
Expected Note:
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
The 1st eight measures of Schumann’s “Du Ring
An Meinen Finger,” Op. 42
Schmuckler (1989)
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
Schmuckler (1989)
Probe Position 1:
Context:
Trial 1:
↑
Continuation Tone
Trial 2:
↑
Continuation Tone
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
Schmuckler (1989)
Probe Position 2:
Context:
Possible Continuation Tones:
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
Schmuckler (1989)
Beta weights for tonal structure, melodic contour,
and melodic process
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
The Implication-Realization Model
(Narmour, 1990, 1992)
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Registral Direction – small intervals imply
melodic continuation in the same direction,
whereas large intervals imply a reversal of
direction
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Intervallic difference – small intervals imply
similarly sized intervals whereas large intervals
imply smaller intervals
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Registral Return – refers to cases in which the
second tone of a realized interval reverse pitch
direction, thus producing approximate symmetry in
patterns
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Proximity – there is a general preference for small
realized intervals
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Closure – closure occurs when a melody changes
direction or when a relatively smaller realized
interval follows a larger implicative interval
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
Quantification of Narmour’s ImplicationRealization Model
Schellenberg (1996)
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
Simplification of Narmour’s ImplicationRealization Model
Schellenberg (1997)
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
Harmonic expectancies
Schmuckler (1989)
Predictions based on Piston’s (1978)
Table of Usual Root Progressions
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
Harmonic expectancies
Schmuckler (1989)
Comparisons of harmonic expectancy ratings
The Formation of Musical
Expectancies
Combined (melodic and harmonic) expectancies
Schmuckler (1989)
Beta weights for melodic and harmonic factors
The Consequences of
Musical Expectancies
The Harmonic Priming Paradigm
Bharucha & Stoeckig (1986, 1987)
Related Context:
Unrelated Context:
The Consequences of
Musical Expectancies
Processing of harmonically related
and unrelated chords
Bharucha & Stoeckig (1986)
The Consequences of
Musical Expectancies
Harmonic context and phoneme monitoring
Bigand, Tillman, Poulin, D’Adamo
& Madurell (2001)
The Consequences of
Musical Expectancies
Harmonic context and phoneme monitoring
Bigand, Tillman, Poulin, D’Adamo
& Madurell (2001)
The Consequences of
Musical Expectancies
Expectancy and memory
Schmuckler (1997)