Radiation Therapy - El Camino College
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Transcript Radiation Therapy - El Camino College
RAD TECH A WEEK 2
CAREER’S IN
RADIOLOGY
RADIOGRAPHIC
EQUIPMENT
Spring 2009
HISTORY REVIEW
• WHO
• WHAT
• WHEN
• The discovery of X rays by the German physicist
Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895 was an international
sensation.
• Working with vacuum tubes, he bombarded a metal
plate with high speed electrons.
• He found that invisible rays were produced. These
mysterious new rays could go through skin and
flesh and give a picture of a person's bones.
Collaborative Events
Crookes tube
Air evacuated glass tube
Cathode side
Anode side
Electrical supply
Screen or board painted with barium
platinocyanide
Low light work area
X-rays – the Basic Radiological Tool
Roentgen’s experimental apparatus (Crookes
tube) that led to the discovery of the new
radiation on 8 Nov. 1895 – he demonstrated
that the radiation was not due to charged
particles, but due to an as yet unknown
source, hence “x” radiation or “x-rays”
Known as “the radiograph of
Bertha Roentgen’s hand” taken
22 Dec. 1895
Hand images
Today !
“Willie Roentgen”
• Honored in 1901
with the first
Nobel prize in
physics for his
efforts.
X-ray production begins
at the atomic level
Energy (photons) are released when
the electron collides with another electron,
the change in e of the shells –produces photons
More on this
in week 4 !
CAREERS IN RADIOLOGIC
TECHNOLOGY
• RADIOLOGIC
TECHNOLOGIST
– RADIOGRAPHER
– X-RAY
TECHNOLOGIST
• TECHNICIAN
• RADIOLOGIST
Objectives
• Define the Radiology
Team
• Illustrate Careers in
and around Radiology
• Identify work
environments for
Imaging
Technologists
What does a Radiologic
Technologist do?
Radiologic Technologist
Help others
Work with people
Make a difference
Think critically
Demonstrate creativity
Achieve results
Radiologic Technologist
•Must be able to
COMMUNICATE
EFFECTIVELY with
•PATIENTS, STAFF &
PEERS
•Must use GOOD
JUDGEMENT & CRITICAL
THINKING SKILLS
FIG. 4–2 Radiologic science professionals must use advanced critical thinking skills when handling all patient care situations.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Practices
RADIATION
SAFETY
TO SELF
& OTHERS
Early years in Radiologic
Technology
• Nurses or nurses aides taught how to
“take an x-ray”
• NO special education
• Only “ON THE JOB” training
• Experience the best teacher
• The first Technologist is credited to be
EDWARD C. JERMAN.
NATIONAL LICENSURE
ARRT
arrt.org
• 275,000 Registered RT (R)
• 2007: 15,285 exams
– 89% Radiography
– 3.6 % Nuclear Med
– 7.1 Radiation Therapy
Consumer Assurance of
Radiologic Excellence
The (CARE) bill
• would ensure that patients undergoing all
types of radiologic procedures
• have the same assurance of quality as
those receiving mammograms
• under the provisions of the Mammography
Quality Standards Act.
CARE BILL
• Consistency, Accuracy, Responsibility, and
Excellence...
ARRT Among Supporters Seeking To
Ensure Patient Safety Through
Adoption of CARE Bill
• ASRT – American Society of Radiologic
Technologist ASRT.org
As of Sept 2001- 16 states have no licensure laws
Diagnostic Radiologic
Technologist
Aka: Radiographer
Not a “Technician”
Types of
Diagnostic Exams
•
•
•
•
•
CHEST
EXTREMITIES
SKULL / FACIAL
SPINE
GASTROINTESTINAL
Trauma
Mobile
“TRAUMA”
ALL PATIENTS
ELDERLY
INFANTS &
CHILDREN
UNIQUE, UNUSAL,
INTERESTING, ETC
SURGERY
TECHNOLOGIST
• FLUOROSCOPY
• CONTRAST
MEDIA (X-RAY
DYE)
• KELLY HOLT,
ARRT R.T. (R)
FLUOROSCOPYXRAYS IN
MOTION
Fluoroscopy
Gastrointestinal Exams
ARRT Exams
Primary Examinations
• Five “Primary Exams”
offered by the ARRT
5 Primary Exams
•
•
•
•
•
Radiography (R)
Nuclear Medicine Technology (NM)
Radiation Therapy (T)
Sonography (US) (RDMS)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR)
•
candidates must have successfully completed a formal educational
program in the respective discipline that is accredited by a mechanism
.
acceptable to ARRT
Beyond Diagnostic
Radiography
Advanced Modalities
POST – PRIMARY EXAMS
(TAKEN AFTER COMPLETIONS OF ARRT – RT License)
(M)
Mammography
(CT) Computed Tomography
(MRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(QM) Quality Management
(US) Sonography
Vascular Sonography
Breast Sonography
(BD) Bone Densitometry
(CV) Cardiac-Interventional Radiography
(CIV) Vascular-Interventional Radiography
Advanced Practice
(R.R.A)
Registered Radiologist Assistant
Imaging Informatics Certification Program
Merging IT and Medical technology
PET
MANAGEMENT
(BS or BA)
EDUCATION (BS,MEd, PhD EDD)
Another way to categorize
medical imaging
Ionizing
Diagnostic
Fluoroscopy
Special Procedures:
Interventional
Angiography
Cardiac Cath
CT
Mammography
Bone Densitometry
Nuclear Medicine
Radiation Therapy
Non Ionizing
Ultrasound
Sonography
MRI
HEALTH CARE TEAM
MEDICAL CENTER
RADIOLOGY
RADIOLOGIST
TECHNOLOGIST VS
TECHNICIAN
RADIATION
RADIATION
ENERGY
IONIZATION-
adding or removing
an electron
IONIZING
RADIATION
NON-IONIZING
RADIATION
What is Ionization?
When an electron is added or
removed from the atom- it is
ionized
Another way to categorize
medical imaging
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ionizing
Diagnostic
Fluoroscopy
Special Procedures:
Interventional
Angiography
Cardiac Cath
CT
Mammography
Bone Densitometry
Nuclear Medicine
Radiation Therapy
Non Ionizing
•
Ultrasound
Sonography
•
MRI
MAMMOGRAPHY
Colleen McFaul, RT (R) (M)
RADIOGRAPHIC
IMAGING OF THE
BREAST
Dx for breast cancer
Mammography
• RT (R) (M)
• 1992 began post
primary exam for
mammographers
• Uses Ionizing
Radiation
Bone Densitometry
“low dose
Ionizing
Radiation”
BONE DENSITOMETRY
• JOE RUIZ, RT (R) (BD)
• POST PRIMARY EXAM BEGAN IN JANUARY
2001
• May also have certification w/o RT
• MEASURING MINERAL CONTENT AND
DENSITY OF BONES
Bone densitometry
CT SCAN & MRI
Computed Tomography
• Kelly Clark, RT (R)
(CT)
• 1995 began post
primary exam
CT SCANNER
• USES
• Ionizing RADIATION
– AND A
COMPUTER
• TO
RECONSTRUCT
• IMAGES
• 3-D
FIG. 1–9 A computed tomographic technologist uses a computerized x-ray system to produce sectional anatomic images of the body.
(Courtesy of Philips Medical Systems.)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• RT (R) (MRI) or
• RT (MRI)
• 1995 ARRT began
post primary
exams
MRI SIGNAL PRODUCTION
• Images are crated
by interaction of
Magnet field,
radio waves with
tissue
• Atoms – Nucleus
– Electrons
• Non Ionizing
Radiation
MRI EXAMS
• MRI is growing as an
alternative to
traditional x-ray
mammography.
RADIOGRAPHY VS MRI
BONE vs Soft Tissue
NUCLEAR
MEDICINE
use radioactive
isotopes to make
images
Nuclear Medicine
• RT (NM)
• ARRT or NMTCB
scans use radioactive
isotopes to make
images
NM – Images collected after
injections of a RADIOISOTOPE
PET Scan & SPECT Scan
• PET = Positron Emission
Tomography
• Single Photon Emission
Computed Tomography
• CT (x-rays) or MRI with
Radioisotopes
ANGIOGRAPHY/
CARDIOVASCULAR
INTERVENTIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
is a specialized radiographic examination
where the images of the blood vessels of
the body are demonstrated by injection
of contrast media.
Cardiovascular Interventional
Radiography
• Jane Smith, RT (R)
(CVI)
• Angiography
• RT (CV) (CIT) (CVIT)
• 1991 began post
primary exam for
CVIT Radiographers
INTERVENTIONAL
RADIOGRAPHY
• Uses
• Fluoroscopy
• Ionizing
Radiation
ANGIOGRAPHY is a specialized radiographic
examination where the images of the blood
vessels of the body are demonstrated by injection
of contrast media
RADIATION
THERAPY
R.T.(T)
•
•
•
•
1 - 4 YRS ADDITIONAL EDUCATION
CITY OF HOPE
LLU
CAL STATE LONG BEACH
• The branch of Radiology that involves the
treatment of disease by means of high energy
x-rays or radioactive substances
Radiation Therapy
• RT (T) = Registered technologist
in radiation therapy technology
• Medical dosemetrists are involved
in treatment planning and dose
calculations
• 1-4 year program
ULTRASOUND
uses a technique similar to Navy SONAR to produce diagnostic images.
ULTRASOUND
Cypress College
Orange Coast
LLU
1 – 2 years
FIG. 1–10 A diagnostic medical sonographer uses high-frequency sound waves to create images.
(Courtesy of Philips Medical Systems.)
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
• RT (R) (S) or RT (S)
or (RDMS)
• American Registry of
Diagnostic Medical
Sonographers
• ARRT in 1999 began
post primary exam
• ARRT in 2005 began
primary exam
Uses SOUND WAVES (NOT X-RAYS)
“real time” images
U/S & the “real thing”
Breast Sonography
• Post Primary Exam
• Valuable for
Technologists that
specialize in
Mammography
VASCULAR ULTRASOUND
Additional Opportunities
•
•
•
•
•
Education
Administration
Management (QM)
Commercial
Radiologist
Assistant = RRA
New - RRA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radiology Assistant (Like PA)
Weber State (On line – Utah)
LLU
3 others in US (2007 – more)
$$$$ NEW GRADS = 100 K/YEAR (?)
PART OF RADIOLOGIST GROUP
As of 2007 – NOT APPROVED BY STATE
to Work as RA in California
RADIOLOGY ASSISTANT RA
• LLU
• 2 YRS RT
• BA DEGREE
• WEBER STATE
• 6YR RT
OTHER PATHWAYS
• SALES
• APPLICATIONS SPECIALIST
• INDUSTRIAL X-RAY
• MANAGEMENT (DEGREE)
• EDUCATON
Work Opportunities
•
•
•
•
•
Hospital
Imaging Center
Doctor’s Office
Mobile Trailer
Research
Variety of Work Settings
•
•
•
•
•
•
physicians offices,
clinical outpatient facilities,
free standing imaging centers,
mobile imaging centers
portable services to rehabs
Mammo’s to under privileged
areas
• Urgent care
Other working opportunities…
• Registry (local)
• Registry (out of
state)
• X rays taken
around the world !!
TRAVELING TECHNOLOGIST =
SEE THE WORLD AND GET $$$
NEED – JOB SECURTIY
• PEOPLE ARE GETTING OLDER –
LIVING LONGER
• TECHNOLOGIST ALSO GETTING
OLDER
• NEED NEW, YOUNG PEOPLE TO TAKE
OVER THE JOBS & TAKE CARE OF THE
SICK AND ELDERLY
REVIEW: PRIMARY
EXAMINATIONS ?
• RADIOGRAPHY
• NUCLEAR MEDICINE
TECHNOLOGY
• RADIATION THERAPY
• SONOGRAPHY (7/05)
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE (2006)
Review
• Radiology
Team
• Patient Care
Careers
• Other Careers
Opportunities
• Work Settings
HISTORY REVIEW
• WHO
• WHAT
• SERIES OF EVENTS
• WHEN
QUESTIONS?