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Dental Radiography Course Director: Ms. Judy Valdez, R.D.H., B.S.D.H Concorde Career College DH 103, Term III Lecture: Wednesday 9:00-12:00 Lab: Wednesday 1:00-4:00 PM Tuesday & Thursday 1:00-4:00 PM Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 History of Dental Radiography Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives Define the key words. State when x-rays were discovered and by whom. Trace the history of radiography, noting the prominent contributors. List two historical developments that made dental xray machines safer. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives Explain how rectangular PIDs reduce patient radiation exposure. Identify the two techniques used to expose dental radiographs. List five uses of dental radiographs. Become aware of other imaging modalities available for use in the detection and evaluation of oral conditions. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Key Words Bisecting technique Computed tomography (CT) Cone Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) Cone beam volumetric imaging (CBVI) Digital imaging Dosage Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Key Words Dosage Oral radiography Panoramic radiography Paralleling technique Position indicating device (PID) Radiograph Radiography Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Key Words Radiology Roentgen ray Roentgenograph Sensor Tomography X-ray X-ray film Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction Dental radiographs are images or pictures produced by x-rays, remain the basis for many diagnostic procedures and play an essential role in oral health care. Radiography is the making of radiographs by exposing an image receptor, either film or digital sensor. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction The purpose of dental radiography is to provide the oral health care team with radiographs of the best possible diagnostic quality. The goal of dental radiography is to obtain the highest quality radiographs while maintaining the lowest possible radiation exposure risk for the patient. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Discovery of the X-ray Oral radiology Study of x-rays and techniques used to produce radiographic images. Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered xrays (1895) X-ray Initially, “x” represented the unknown Roentgen ray Named in honor of Roentgen’s findings. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Discovery of the X-ray Roentgenograph The image produced on photosensitive film. Radiograph Prefix “radio” and suffix “graph” combined; “radiograph” more commonly used. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 1-2 This famous radiograph, purported to be Mrs. Bertha Roentgen’s hand, was taken on December 22, 1895. (Reprinted with permission from Radiology Centennial, Inc., Copyright 1993) Figure 1-2 This famous radiograph, purported to be Mrs. Bertha Roentgen’s hand, was taken on December 22, 1895. (Reprinted with permission from Radiology Centennial, Inc., Copyright 1993) Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TABLE 1-1 Noteworthy Scientists and Researchers in Dental Radiography Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dental X-ray Machines Early x-ray machines an electrical hazard Shockproof dental x-ray machine introduced by Coolidge and General Electric Pointed cone replaced Position indicating device (PID) Panoramic radiography became popular in 1960’s. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dental X-ray Machines Tomography scan Computed tomography scan (CT) Imaging a single selected plane of tissues; delivers high dosage of radiation Cone beam volumetric imaging (CBVI) and cone beam computed tomography Contain lower doses of radiation Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 1-3 Comparison of circular and rectangular PIDs. (Image courtesy of Gendex Dental Corporation) Figure 1-3 Comparison of circular and rectangular PIDs. (Image courtesy of Gendex Dental Corporation) Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dental X-ray Film Early dental x-ray film packets: glass photographic plates wrapped in black paper and rubber dam and exposure time was 25 min Machine-wrapped dental x-ray film packet first available in 1919 from Kodak. Emulsion coating: one sided coating required long exposure times; both sides coated now; exposure times much shorter. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Digital Image Receptors Digital imaging systems replace film as the image receptor with a sensor. Frances Mouyen — Introduced digital radiography in 1987, called RadioVisioGraphy Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Digital Image Receptors Image sensors today have improved in overall quality: Reduction in radiation dosage Elimination in film and processing chemistry Elimination of film package disposal Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dental X-ray Techniques Bisecting technique First and earliest method Paralleling technique Preferred technique used in all dental assisting, dental hygiene, and dental schools. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 1-4 Radiography in a modern oral health care practice. (Image courtesy of Gendex Dental Corporation) BOX 1-1 Uses of Dental Radiographs Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Advances in Dental Radiographic Imaging 2D and 3D imaging systems assist radiography in moving toward representations of real-life conditions Computed approach will benefit the quality of oral health care. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Review: Chapter Summary Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s discovery of the x-ray revolutionized the methods of practicing medicine and dentistry Impact of improved equipment, advanced techniques, and educated personnel Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Review: Chapter Summary Computer and digital sensor continue to be adopted by dental practices as the method of acquiring a dental radiographic image. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Review: Chapter Summary Digital imaging has many advantages Basic techniques for acquiring images: Bisecting Paralleling CBVT or CBCT produce 2D and 3D images for dental diagnosis; will be the main modalities for dental imaging in the future. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Recall: Study Questions General Chapter Review Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Reflect: Case Study Your patient today tells you that she recently watched a television documentary on the dangers of excess radiation exposure. Based on your reading in this chapter, develop a brief conversation between you and this patient explaining how historical developments have increased dental radiation safety, in order to put the patient at ease. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Relate: Laboratory Application Proceed to the Radiography Laboratory to complete the Chapter 1 activity. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.