Transcript ch22 Dent Rad-NC

Chapter 22
Recognizing Normal Radiographic
Anatomy
OBJECTIVES
Define the key words.
 Provide three rationales for why it is important
to recognize and identify normal anatomical
landmarks of the face and head.
 Describe and identify the facial and cranial
bones.
 Differentiate between the lamina dura and the
periodontal ligament space.

Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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OBJECTIVES
Describe and identify the radiographic
appearance of all structures of the teeth.
 Name significant anatomical landmarks of the
maxilla and mandible.
 Identify significant anatomical landmarks
normally seen on intraoral radiographs of the
maxilla and mandible.

Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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INTRODUCTION

The importance of learning to identify normal
radiographic anatomy may be summarized as
follows:

To evaluate the image receptor for correct positioning
so that the areas of interest and anatomical
structures are clearly visible, enhancing the
diagnostic value of the radiograph
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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INTRODUCTION

The importance of learning to identify normal
radiographic anatomy may be summarized as
follows:
To assist with determining into which frame of the xray mount each radiograph is to be mounted
 To assist in interpreting radiographs and recognizing
a deviation from the normal that would require
referral to the dentist for evaluation

Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-1 FRONTAL VIEW OF THE SKULL.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-2 LATERAL VIEW OF THE SKULL.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-3 FRONTAL VIEW OF THE NOSE.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-4 PALATAL
VIEW OF MAXILLA.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-5 LATERAL
VIEW OF DETACHED MANDIBLE.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-6 LINGUAL VIEW OF DETACHED MANDIBLE.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE
ALVEOLAR BONE AND TOOTH AREA

Bone
Lamina dura
 Periodontal ligament space
 Nutrient canals


Teeth

Dentition
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-7 DRAWING OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLAR–MOLAR AREA.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-8 RADIOGRAPH
OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLAR AREA SHOWING (1) DENTIN, (2) ENAMEL, (3) PULP CHAMBER, (4)
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT SPACE, (5) LAMINA DURA, (6) PULP (ROOT) CANAL, AND (7) CANCELLOUS (TRABECULAR) BONE. NOTE THAT
BECAUSE ONLY A VERY THIN LAYER OF CEMENTUM COVERS THE ROOT, IT IS RADIOGRAPHICALLY INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM THE
UNDERLYING DENTIN.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-9 RADIOGRAPH
OF MIXED DENTITION IN MANDIBULAR CANINE AREA SHOWING
MOLAR WITH PARTIALLY RESORBED ROOTS,
FORMATION.
(1) PRIMARY CANINE, (2) PRIMARY FIRST
(3) PERMANENT CANINE, AND (4) PERMANENT FIRST PREMOLAR WITH INCOMPLETE ROOT
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-10 FACIAL
BONES RECORDED ON RADIOGRAPHS. NOTE THE POSITION OF THE PID WHEN EXPOSING A MAXILLARY
POSTERIOR PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPH. THE ZYGOMATIC ARCH WILL MOST LIKELY BE RECORDED ON THIS RADIOGRAPH.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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TABLE 22-1 RADIOPAQUE
AND RADIOLUCENT FEATURES
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-11 SEQUENCE FOR INTERPRETING NORMAL RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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ANATOMY BASICS, INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHS

Anatomy observed on intraoral radiographs of
the maxillary anterior region
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-12 DRAWING OF MAXILLARY MIDLINE AREA ILLUSTRATING (1) OUTLINE OF NOSE, (2) INCISIVE FORAMEN (ANTERIOR
PALATINE FORAMEN), (3) LATERAL FOSSA, (4) NASAL FOSSA, (5) NASAL SEPTUM, (6) BORDER OF NASAL FOSSA, (7) ANTERIOR NASAL
SPINE, AND (8) MEDIAN PALATINE SUTURE.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-13 RADIOGRAPH OF MAXILLARY MIDLINE AREA SHOWING (1) INCISIVE (ANTERIOR PALATINE) FORAMEN, INDICATED BY AN
IRREGULARLY SHAPED, ROUNDED RADIOLUCENT AREA, (2) OUTLINE OF THE NOSE, (3) LATERAL FOSSA, (4) NASAL FOSSA
(RADIOLUCENT), (5) NASAL SEPTUM, (6) BORDER OF NASAL FOSSA, (7) ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE, AND (8) MEDIAN PALATINE SUTURE.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-14 DRAWING OF MAXILLARY CANINE AREA. THE DRAWING SHOWS THE (1) LATERAL FOSSA, (2) NASAL FOSSA, (3)
INVERTED Y (INTERSECTION OF THE BORDERS OF NASAL FOSSA AND MAXILLARY SINUS), AND (4) MAXILLARY SINUS. (5) NOTE THE
DENSE RADIOPAQUE AREA CAUSED BY OVERLAPPING OF THE MESIAL SURFACE OF THE FIRST PREMOLAR OVER THE DISTAL SURFACE OF
THE CANINE. THIS OVERLAPPING IS COMMON IN THIS REGION OF THE ORAL CAVITY BECAUSE OF THE CURVATURE OF THE ARCH.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-15 RADIOGRAPH OF MAXILLARY CANINE AREA SHOWING (1) LATERAL FOSSA, (2) NASAL FOSSA, (3) INVERTED Y
(INTERSECTION OF THE BORDERS OF THE NASAL FOSSA AND MAXILLARY SINUS), (4) MAXILLARY SINUS, AND (5) DENSE RADIOPAQUE
AREA CAUSED BY OVERLAPPING OF THE MESIAL SURFACE OF THE FIRST PREMOLAR OVER THE DISTAL SURFACE OF THE CANINE. THIS
OVERLAPPING IS COMMON IN THIS REGION OF THE ORAL CAVITY BECAUSE OF THE CURVATURE OF THE ARCH.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-16 SOFT TISSUE OF THE NOSE IN THE PATH OF THE X-RAY BEAM. NOTE THAT THE SOFT TISSUE OF THE NOSE WILL BE IN
THE PATH OF THE X-RAY BEAM IN THIS EXPOSURE. THE RESULTANT RADIOGRAPH WILL MOST LIKELY SHOW AN IMAGE OF THE SOFT
TISSUE, OUTLINING THE TIP OF THE NOSE.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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FIGURE 22-17 SOFT TISSUE IMAGE OF THE NOSE. (1) THE RESULTANT IMAGE OF THE SOFT TISSUE OF THE NOSE IS OFTEN MAGNIFIED
TO A LARGE SIZE. ACCORDING TO THE RULES OF SHADOW CASTING (SEE CHAPTER 4), THE FURTHER AN OBJECT IS FROM THE IMAGE
RECEPTOR, THE MORE LIKELY THAT OBJECT WILL APPEAR MAGNIFIED. THE TIP OF THE NOSE IS AT AN INCREASED DISTANCE FROM THE
INTRAORAL IMAGE RECEPTOR, RESULTING IN A MAGNIFICATION OF THE SIZE OF THE NOSE.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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ANATOMY BASICS, INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHS

Anatomy observed on intraoral radiographs of
the maxillary posterior region
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-18 DRAWING OF MAXILLARY PREMOLAR AREA ILLUSTRATING (1) BORDER (FLOOR) OF MAXILLARY SINUS, (2) MAXILLARY
SINUS, (3) SEPTUM IN MAXILLARY SINUS DIVIDING THE SINUS INTO TWO COMPARTMENTS, (4) ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF MAXILLA, (5)
ZYGOMA, AND (6) LOWER BORDER OF ZYGOMATIC ARCH.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-19 RADIOGRAPH OF MAXILLARY PREMOLAR AREA SHOWING (1) BORDER (FLOOR) OF MAXILLARY SINUS, (2) MAXILLARY
SINUS, (3) ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF MAXILLA, (4) SEPTUM IN MAXILLARY SINUS DIVIDING THE SINUS INTO TWO COMPARTMENTS, (5)
ZYGOMA, AND (6) INFERIOR BORDER OF THE ZYGOMATIC ARCH.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-20 DRAWING OF MAXILLARY MOLAR AREA ILLUSTRATING (1) BORDER (FLOOR) OF MAXILLARY SINUS, (2) MAXILLARY
SINUS, (3) ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF MAXILLA, (4) ZYGOMA, (5) SEPTUM IN MAXILLARY SINUS, (6) LOWER BORDER OF ZYGOMATIC ARCH,
(7) HAMULUS (HAMULAR PROCESS), (8) MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY, AND (9) CORONOID PROCESS (MANDIBLE).
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-21 RADIOGRAPH OF MAXILLARY MOLAR AREA SHOWING (1) BORDER (FLOOR) OF MAXILLARY SINUS, (2) MAXILLARY SINUS,
(3) ZYGOMATIC PROCESS OF MAXILLA, (4) ZYGOMA, (5) LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE, (6) LOWER BORDER OF ZYGOMATIC ARCH, (7)
MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY, AND (8) CORONOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-22 RADIOGRAPH
(1) HAMULUS (HAMULAR PROCESS), A DOWNWARD PROJECTION
OF THE MEDIAL PTERYGOID PLATE, (2) LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE, (3) CORONOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE, (4) MAXILLARY
TUBEROSITY, AND (5) MAXILLARY SINUS.
OF MAXILLARY MOLAR AREA SHOWING
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-23 CORONOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE MAY BE RECORDED ON INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHS OF THE MAXILLARY
POSTERIOR REGION. NOTE THE POSITION OF THE IMAGE RECEPTOR HOLDER WHEN EXPOSING A MAXILLARY POSTERIOR PERIAPICAL
RADIOGRAPH.
THE CORONOID PROCESS OF THE MANDIBLE WILL MOST LIKELY BE RECORDED ON THIS RADIOGRAPH
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
.
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
ANATOMY BASICS, INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHS

Anatomy observed on intraoral radiographs of
the mandibular anterior region
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-24 DRAWING OF MANDIBULAR MIDLINE AREA ILLUSTRATING (1) MENTAL RIDGE, (2) NUTRIENT CANAL, (3) NUTRIENT
FORAMEN, (4) GENIAL TUBERCLES SURROUNDING THE (5) LINGUAL FORAMEN, AND (6) INFERIOR BORDER OF MANDIBLE.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-25 RADIOGRAPH OF THE MANDIBULAR MIDLINE AREA SHOWING (1) MENTAL RIDGE, (2) NUTRIENT CANAL, (3) NUTRIENT
FORAMEN, (4) GENIAL TUBERCLES SURROUNDING THE (5) LINGUAL FORAMEN, AND (6) INFERIOR BORDER OF THE MANDIBLE
(RADIOPAQUE BAND OF DENSE CORTICAL BONE).
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-26 DRAWING OF MANDIBULAR CANINE AREA ILLUSTRATING (1) NUTRIENT CANAL, AND (2) TORUS MANDIBULARIS (LINGUAL
TORUS).
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-27 RADIOGRAPH
TORUS).
OF MANDIBULAR CANINE AREA SHOWING
(1) NUTRIENT CANAL, (2) TORUS MANDIBULARIS (LINGUAL
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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ANATOMY BASICS, INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHS

Anatomy observed on intraoral radiographs of
the mandibular posterior region
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-28 DRAWING OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLAR AREA ILLUSTRATING (1) TORUS MANDIBULARIS, (2) OBLIQUE RIDGE, (3)
MYLOHYOID RIDGE, (4) SUBMANDIBULAR FOSSA, (5) MANDIBULAR CANAL, AND (6) MENTAL FORAMEN.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-29 RADIOGRAPH
(1) SUBMANDIBULAR FOSSA, (2) THIN RADIOLUCENT LINE
INDICATING THE PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT SPACE, (3) THIN RADIOPAQUE LINE REPRESENTING THE LAMINA DURA, AND (4) THE MENTAL
FORAMEN.
OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLAR AREA SHOWING
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-30 RADIOGRAPH OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLAR AREA SHOWING (1) SMALL TORUS MANDIBULARIS (LINGUAL TORUS).
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 22-31 DRAWING OF MANDIBULAR MOLAR AREA ILLUSTRATING (1) OBLIQUE RIDGE, (2) MYLOHYOID
SUBMANDIBULAR FOSSA, AND (4) MANDIBULAR CANAL.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
RIDGE,
(3)
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FIGURE 22-32 RADIOGRAPH OF MANDIBULAR MOLAR AREA SHOWING (1) OBLIQUE RIDGE, (2) MYLOHYOID RIDGE, (3) MANDIBULAR
CANAL (NOTE THE THIN, PARALLEL RADIOPAQUE LINES REPRESENTING THE CANAL WALLS), AND (4) SUBMANDIBULAR FOSSA.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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REVIEW: CHAPTER SUMMARY

Knowledge of the anatomical landmarks of the
face and skull is needed to properly position the
image receptor, to clearly image the area of
interest, to assist in mounting intraoral
radiographs, and to develop the ability to
interpret radiographs and recognize deviations
from normal.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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REVIEW: CHAPTER SUMMARY

A systematic procedure is helpful to the
beginning radiographer in learning to identify
normal radiographic anatomy.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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RECALL: STUDY QUESTIONS
General
 Chapter Review

Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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REFLECT: CASE STUDY

Your colleague is viewing a full mouth series of
radiographs that he just finished mounting. As
he is describing the following features, see if you
can tell him the name of the anatomic landmark.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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REFLECT: CASE STUDY
1.
2.
3.
A dense, vertical radiopacity separating two
paired oval radiolucencies observed in the
maxillary anterior region.
Large, paired oval radiolucencies separated by
a dense, vertical radiopacity observed in the
maxillary anterior region.
A thin radiolucent line resembling a fracture
observed between the maxillary central
incisors.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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REFLECT: CASE STUDY
4.
5.
A round or pear-shaped radiolucency observed
between the maxillary central incisors.
A broad, U-shaped radiopacity observed
superimposed over the maxillary posterior
teeth roots
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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REFLECT: CASE STUDY
6.
7.
A radiopaque downward projection of bone that
appears pointed or hook-like observed in the far
posterior region of the maxilla.
A large triangular shaped radiopacity observed
superimposed over the maxillary tuberosity
region.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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REFLECT: CASE STUDY
8.
9.
A large radiolucency outlined by a thin
radiopaque border that is observed in almost all
the periapical radiographs of the maxilla, from
the canine posteriorly.
A very small, round radiolucency observed in
the midline apical (below) the mandibular
incisors.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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REFLECT: CASE STUDY
10.
11.
12.
A horizontal radiopaque line extending from
the premolar region to the symphysis.
A round radiolucency that resembles an abscess
observed near the apex of the mandibular
second premolar.
A horizontal radiopaque line observed in the
mandibular posterior region, superimposed
across the molar roots.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
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REFLECT: CASE STUDY
13.
14.
Another horizontal radiopaque line observed in
the mandibular posterior region, but inferior to
(below) the line described in #12 above. This
line is observed inferior to the molar roots.
A large, irregularly shaped radiolucency
observed below the line described in #13 above.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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RELATE: LABORATORY APPLICATION

Proceed to Chapter 22, Laboratory Application, to
complete this activity.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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