Early Detection of Lung Cancer
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Transcript Early Detection of Lung Cancer
SPNs and the
Early Detection of Lung Cancer
George Erbacher D.O., FAOCR
Chair imaging/interventional radiology
OSUMC
Radiology residency program director
DEFINITION OF SOLITARY
PULMONARY NODULE (SPN)
Single round water density mass < 3 cm
Completely surrounded by lung
parenchyma
Incidental finding 0.2% CXRs, 1% CT
MIMICS OF SPN
Chest wall lesion
Healing rib fracture
AVN
Abscess
Pneumonia
Immune-RA/Wegeners granulomatosis etc.
MIMICS OF SPN
Hematoma
Lung infarct/atelecatasis
Pleural plaque
Bronchial atresia/Sequestration
Inhaled FB
MOST COMMON: BENIGN
GRANULOMA/HAMARTOMA
PATIENT FEATURES
INCREASING RISK OF
MALIGNANCY
SMOKING ESPECIALLY >20 PK/YEAR
Older age
Personal history of malignancy
First degree relative with lung cancer
Asbestos/uranium/radon exposure
Other workplace exposure- some aromatic
hydrocarbons, coal mines etc.
IMAGING FEATURES BENIGN
VS. MALIGNANT
Smaller less risk of malignancy
Well defined borders tend to be benign
If a cavity –thin walls-favor benign
Popcorn like calcification –benign –
characteristic of hamartoma
Density (HU) < 15-20 benign
Very fast and very slow growing lesions are
likely benign-PREVIOUS COMPARISON
IMAGES ARE CRITICAL
Epidemiology Lung Cancer in
the World
Most frequently diagnosed cancer
(1.04M in 1990)
Leading cause of cancer mortality
– 921K deaths
Most common cancer in males and #1 cause
of cancer death
Incidence Lung Cancer in U.S.
171,600 cases diagnosed in 1999 (94K M;
77.6K F)
Leading cause of cancer death M & F
(158.9K)
Kentucky highest mortality rate
– 67.9/100K (37% above avg.)
Utah lowest mortality rate
– 21.6/100K (56.4% below avg.)
U.S. Lung Cancer
“Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer
mortality in the U.S. among both men and
women surpassing totals from breast, colon,
and ovarian cancers
combined.” [1]
1Dupuy,
DE. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary malignancies: combined treatment with
brachytherapy. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181(3):711-5.
Survival
5 years – 14%
50% survive if diagnosed in early stage
(small size IA 85 – 100% survival
Only 15% diagnosed in early stage
Tobacco Smoke
“Cigarette smoking is causally related to lung
cancer…the magnitude of the effect far outweighs
all other factors.”
Is leading cause of avoidable mortality in US, w/
about 434K preventable deaths per year
Cost to US economy $200 billion/year
US surgeon general
CXR Screening Revisited
Analysis of the 4 RCT from 20 years ago
(Mayo, Czech, Sloan-Kettering, JohnsHopkins)
Czech & Mayo studies found increase in
mortality in screened vs. controls (6%
increase in Mayo) however 29% MORE
lung cancer in screening vs. controls
CXR Screening Revisited
Screened had 34% living @ 5yrs vs. 15%
control (Sloan-Kettering, Johns-Hopkins
similar results)
“Analysis of the randomized trials strongly
suggests CXR screening is superior to no
screening whatsoever”
Low Dose CT (LD CT)
Screening vs. CXR
Rationale:LD CT greatly increases detection of
small non-calcified nodules and of lung cancer at
an earlier/more curable stage
LD CT showed non-calcified nodules 3x more
commonly
LD CT showed malig. tumors 4x more commonly
LD CT showed stage 1 tumors 6x more commonly
LD CT Indication (ELCAP)
> 60 y.o.a.
> 10 pk/y smoker & no previous cancer
Medically fit to undergo thoracic surgery
Baseline LD CT, then annuals
ELCAP Technique – Helical CT
140 kVp, 40 mA
2:1 Pitch, 10 mm slice thickness
Scan entire lung in 1 breath hold @ end
inspiration after hyperventilation
Reconstruct images with bone algorithm in
overlapping 5 mm increments
Only lung windows (W1500, L-650)
reviewed
ELCAP Scoring
1-6 non-calcified nodules = positive
If no non-calcified nodules = negative
> 6 non-calcified nodules, diffuse
bronchiectasis, ground glass opacities or
combinations = diffuse disease
ELCAP Nodule Description
Size (L & W/2)
Location (lobe & distance from pleura)
peripheral if w/in 2 cm costal margin
Benign calcifications
Shape (round, non-round)
Edge (smooth, non-smooth)
ELCAP “Benign Nodule”
Benign calcifications
Smooth edges
< 20 mm size
Guideline for Diagnostic
Intervention ELCAP
Non-benign nodule on LD CT goes to
diagnostic CT w/ high resolution imaging of
abnormalities. If not benign per above
criteria:
– < 5mm : F/U high res CT 3 mo, 6 mo, 12 mo,
24 mo; no growth over 3 yrs=benign
– 6-10 mm : bx, if not possible F/U per above
– > 11mm : bx
Fleishner Recommendations do
NOT apply to patients:
<35 Y.O.A. with low risk of lung cancer
Who have fever/signs of infection
Fleishner Nodule CT
Reassessment
Recommendations
NONCONTRAST
THIN COLLIMATION
LIMITED COVERAGE-JUST REGION
OF INTEREST
LOW DOSE
Nodule Enhancement and
metabolism
Cancer/Infection/inflammation- CT
neovascularity- malignant nodules enhance > 20
Hounsfield Units (HU), benign < 15 HU
Cancer/Infection/inflammation- increased glucose
turnover- PET- SUVmax < 2.5 benign
PET/CT HAS SENSITIVITY AND
SPECIFICITY CLOSE TO 90% FOR NODULES
10 MM OR GREATER DIAMETER
PET/CT vs. Helical dynamic CT
for SPN
PET/CT
MORE SENSITIVE (96% vs. 81%) and
MORE ACCURATE (93% vs. 85%) than
helical dynamic CT
Caveats for PET/CT:
NO STANDARIZATION FROM
ONE MACHINE TO ANOTHER
AND POOR STANDARDIZATION
OFTEN BETWEEN
EXAMINATIONS ON THE SAME
MACHINE.
EXPERIENCE OF
TECHNOLOGISTSRADIOLOGISTS VARIES
WIDELY
Benign? NM in Lung Cancer
Role of PET in Lung Cancer
Improves staging by ruling out
mediastinal/distant disease
Useful in evaluating response to therapy
Useful in early detection recurrent disease
Rad Clinics N.A. May 2000 p. 523
False Positive and Caveats
PET/CT
Active necrotizing granulomas and some
chronic inflammatory conditions are +
ANY PROCESS THAT HAS INCREASED
UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE IS PET
POSITIVE
What to do with Indeterminant
CT W/U of SPN
Serial radiographic F/U?
CT alone to decide to surgerize or not?
PET/CT
Surgery for pts w/ + or indeterminant CT?
Cost Effectiveness
Radiographic F/U cost effective when probability
of malignancy is low (<0.14)
CT alone F/U cost effective when probability of
malignancy is high (.71 - .91)
Surgery alone is most cost effective when
probability of malignancy is very high > .90
Over greatest range of probability .14 - .71 CT and
PET/CT cost effective
Rad Clinics N.A. May 2000 p. 521-522
PRINCIPLES OF IMAGING IN
ONCOLOGY
Imaging justified only if results will change therapy with
patient benefit
“Where there is an issue get tissue”-biopsy when imaging is
inconclusive (imaging guided?)
Positive studies are more valuable/reliable than negative
studies
The diagnostic plan should progress logically from least to
most invasive studies
Accurate assessment of initial disease extent is vital to
selecting and sequencing appropriate treatment
Staging lung cancer
Stage 1A-T1N0MO= tumor < 3cm with no
positive nodes and no metastasis
Stage 1B-T2N0M0- tumor > 3cm, no nodes,
no metastasis
RFA in Pulmonary Applications
Lung
25% of patients are candidates for lung resection. [1]
RT and chemotherapy together have a combined 5 year
survival rate of 5%. [1]
RF ablation can potentially provide direct
cytoreduction, which could make RT and
chemotherapy more effective. [1]
1Dupuy,
DE. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary malignancies: combined treatment
with brachytherapy. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181(3):711-5.
Lung Cancer
Assessment of malignancy has required invasive
diagnostic methods
– Needle biopsy (10% sampling error; 15%
pneumothorax)
– Bronchoscopy (low sensitivity; occ. pneumothorax
– Mediastinoscopy (surgical procedure; limited to
anterior mediastinum)
– Thoracotomy (open surgery; 1-3% mortality)
FDG-PET expensive and not widely available
Lung Cancer
“The overall 5-year survival rate for all
stages combined is only 15%.” [1]
“Radiofrequency ablation of lung tumors may be
a promising option for nonsurgical candidates
given the suboptimal outcomes with current
treatment options.” [1]
1Dupuy, DE. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary malignancies: combined treatment
with brachytherapy. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181(3):711-5.
Radiofrequency Ablation
NSC Lung Cancer
3 cm RFA
3 mo S/P
RFA/XRT
18 mo S/P
RFA/XRT
KEYS
Excellent H&P
Find Comparisons
Send the above to your radiologist then call and
discuss the case-have the radiologist lay out the
work up as local resources dictate what will be
done
IF PATIENT CANDIDATE FOR TREATMENT
TISSUE DIAGNOSIS IS NEEDED
We at Diagnostic Imaging
Associates are happy to help
FOR TULSA REFERRAL AREA CALL 918 599
5050/5094 TO TALK TO RADIOLOGIST
FOR OUTSIDE TULSA REFERRAL AREA
CALL CHRISTA -918 599 5031 and ask for
radiologist at site nearest you
Thank You