Transcript Covering of the heart

The Cardiovascular System
Q - How many liters of blood does the
adult human body contain?
A.5 liters
B. 10 liters
C. 15 liters
A – A. 5 liters
• 5.3 quarts
• 7-8% of a person’s body weight
Q - How long does a red blood cell
survive in the bloodstream?
A.120 days
B. 1 year
C. Forever
A – A. 120 days
• As red blood cells age, they are
removed by microphages in the
liver and spleen
Q – What is hemoglobin?
A. A chemical that stimulates the production of
blood cells
B. A molecule specially designed to hold waste
products and remove them from the body
C. A molecule specially designed to hold oxygen
and carry it to cells that need it
A – C. A molecule specially designed
to hold oxygen and carry it to cells
need
it carries the
• Hemoglobin isthat
a protein
that
oxygen throughout the body
Q – What is a hematocrit?
A. The measure of red blood cells in the
blood.
B. A hormone that stimulates production
of blood cells.
C. The nucleus of a red blood cell.
A – A. The measure of red blood cells
in the blood.
• The ratio of cells in normal blood is 600
red blood cells for each white blood cell
and 40 platelets.
Q – How does blood get its red color?
A. From proteins located in the bone marrow.
B. From the waste products in the blood.
C. From the iron in hemoglobin.
A – C. From the iron in
hemoglobin.
• Each molecule of hemoglobin contains four
iron atoms, and each iron atom can bind with
one molecule of oxygen.
Q – What is the function of white
blood cells?
A. To carry oxygen from the lungs.
B. To fight infection.
C. To create clots.
A – B. To fight infection
• White blood cells help fight infection in
the body.
Q – What does it mean when
there’s an increase of white
blood
cells insomewhere
the body?
A. There’s
an infection
in the
body.
B. Your body just finished fighting an
infection.
C. There’s no oxygen in the blood.
A – A. There’s an infection
somewhere in the body.
• A normal adult body has 4,000 to 10,000
white blood cells per microliter of blood
Q – What substance makes up the
majority of plasma?
A. Proteins
B. Water
C. Electrolytes
A – B. Water
• Plasma is 90% water
• The other 10% dissolved into plasma are
materials such as proteins, electrolytes,
carbohydrates, cholesterol, hormones, and
vitamins.
Q - If you are a universal donor,
what blood type do you have?
A. Type A
B. Type AB
C. Type O
A – C. Type O
• People with Type O blood are universal
donors, because anyone can get a type O
blood transfusion
• Someone with Type AB blood is a universal
recipient because this blood has no antibodies
that could react with donated blood
• More than a third of the US population has
Type O+
Q – How does blood enter the
heart?
A. Pulmonary artery
B. Superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
C. Mitral valve
A – B. Superior vena cava and
inferior vena cava
• No blood gets into the heart without
passing through the superior vena
cava and the inferior vena cava first.
Q – How many gallons of blood
does the heart pump in a day?
A. 20 gallons
B. 200 gallons
C. 2,000 gallons
A – C. 2,000 gallons
• 2,000 gallons = 7,571 liters
Q – How many times does your
heart beat each day?
A. 1,000 times
B. 10,000 times
C. 100,000 times
A – C. 100,000 times
• The heart beats 100,000 times daily to
supply every cell in the body with freshly
oxygenated blood
The Cardiovascular System
Major functions of this system:
 delivers oxygen
 removes carbon dioxide & other waste
products
Simply the job of the cardiovascular
system is transportation.
Heart Anatomy
• Roughly the size of a clenched fist.
• Hollow and cone–shaped
• Weighs less then one pound
• Beats about 100,000 times in ONE day and
about 35 million times in a year.
Orientation of the Heart
Apex – Bottom pointed part of
heart. Points toward the left hip
and rests on the diaphragm.
Around the 5th intercostal space
*Maximal impulse, where heart
sounds are loudest
Base – Posterosuperior aspect of
the heart. Points toward the right
shoulder and lies beneath the
second rib.
Heart Anatomy
Where is the heart located?
•Superior surface of diaphragm
•Enclosed within the mediastinum
•Flanked on either side by the lungs
•Anterior to the vertebral column,
posterior to the sternum
Coverings and walls of the heart
The lining of the pericardial
cavity is a serous membrane
called the pericardium.
•Surrounds heart and roots of
the great vessels
Two layers:
1. Fibrous pericardium (tough,
white fibrous tissue)
2. Serous pericardium (thin,
smooth inner portion)
Covering of the heart
The fibrous pericardium is a dense connective tissue it:
A. protects the heart
B. anchors the heart to the surrounding walls
C. prevents the heart from overfilling with blood
Covering of the heart
Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the two-layer
serous pericardium.
1. Visceral pericaridum or epicardium - Covers the outer surface of
the heart.
2. Parietal pericardium - Lines the surface of the pericardial sac,
which surrounds the heart.
Heart wall
The heart walls are composed of three layers:
1. Epicardium – Covers the outer surface of the heart
(squamous epithelial cells)
2. Myocardium – Forms most of the heart wall, this is the
layer that contracts
3. Endocardium – Heart’s inner layer; bundles of smooth
muscle
Chambers of the heart
- The heart has four hollow chambers.
- Two atria (singular: atrium); pump blood
into the ventricles
-Two ventricles ; serve as the pumping
chambers of the heart
Each lined with endocardium for
smooth blood flow throughout
the heart.
Heart valves
• The heart is equipped with four valves. The valves
allow forward flow of blood through the heart and
prevent backward flow
Pulmonary Valve
Aortic Valve
Bicuspid (mitral) Valve
Tricuspid Valve
from the atria through
the ventricles
out the great arteries leaving the heart.
Bicuspid and Tricuspid Valves (AV
valves)
Bicuspid or Mitral valve (left AV valve)
- Consists of two flaps of endocardium
Tricuspid Valve
-Is the right AV valve
-Has three flaps
Semilunar valves
Between the ventricle & an artery
1. Pulmonic
2. Aortic
Each set of valves operates at a different time.
1. The AV valves are open during heart relaxation and closed when the ventricles
are contracting.
2. The semilunar valves are closed during heart relaxation and are forced open
when the ventricles contract.
http://video.about.com/heartdisease/How-the-Valves-Work.htm
Posterior View
Blood Vessels (Tubes)
The three major types of vessels are arteries,
capillaries, and veins:
1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart
2. Veins carry blood toward the heart
3. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They carry
blood to and from all the small places in the body.
** Arterioles and venules are also vessels
Circulatory System
•
Blood flows through a network of blood vessels
that extend between the heart and peripheral
tissues
• The vascular system has 2 distinct circulations:
1. Pulmonary circulation – short loop that runs
from the heart to the lungs and back to the
heart.
2. Systemic circulation – routes blood through a
long loop to all parts of the body and returns
to the heart.
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
Pulmonary circuit
- from heart
to lungs
back to heart
Systemic circuit
- from heart
to body
back to heart
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636