Transcript Lecture Notes

Lecture Notes
A PowerPoint Presentation
Classroom Activity to
Accompany Medical
Terminology Systems,
Seventh Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding
8
Cardiovascular
System
8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function
•Heart
•Layers of the heart
•Endocardium — inner lining of the
heart
•Myocardium — heart muscle
•Epicardium — top layer of the heart
•Pericardium — sac holding the heart
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Heart
(continued)
•Circulates blood and delivers
oxygen (O2) and nutrients to
cells
•Right side for circulating blood
to lungs for oxygenation
(pulmonary circulation)
•Left side for circulating blood to
all body systems (systemic
circulation (see illustration)
•Disposes of waste products
•Aids lymphatic system in
circulating substances
3
8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Heart
(continued)
•Heart chambers
•Atria — receives blood
•Right atria — deoxygenated blood from venae cavae
•Left atria — oxygenated blood from lungs
•Ventricles — pump blood to the body
•Right ventricle — to lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary
circulation)
•Left ventricle — through the aorta to the body systems
(systemic circulation)
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Heart
(continued)
•Valves—prevent backflow (regurgitation) of blood
•Tricuspid valve — from right ventricle into right atrium
•Bicuspid (mitral) valve — from left ventricle into left atrium
•Pulmonic (pulmonary semilunar) valve —from pulmonary
artery into right ventricle
•Aortic (aortic semilunar) valve — from aorta into left ventricle
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Blood vessels
•Arteries
•Carry blood away from the heart
•Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)
•Have strong muscular walls to withstand the surge of blood
at each heartbeat
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Blood vessels
(continued)
•Capillaries
•Microscopic vessels composed of endothelial cells
•Joining arterial system with venous system
•Have thin walls to allow exchange of susbstances between
blood and body tissues
7
8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Blood vessels
(continued)
•Veins
•Carry blood to the heart
•Carry deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)
•Contain valves to help the return of blood to the heart
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What is the main function of the heart?
2. What structures prevent backflow of blood
into the heart?
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
1.What is the main function of the heart? To
pump blood through blood vessels to all
cells of the body
2.What structures prevent backflow of blood
into the heart? Heart valves
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
3. List two major functions of the
cardiovascular (CV) system.
4. What function does the CV system perform
for the lymphatic system?
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
3. List two major functions of the
cardiovascular (CV) system. Delivery of
oxygen, nutrients, and other essential
substances to body cells and removal of
waste products of cellular metabolism
4. What function does the CV system perform
for the lymphatic system? Aids in
transporting excess fluid from interstitial
spaces and returns it to blood as plasma
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
5. List the four chambers of the heart.
6. What are the four heart valves and their
locations?
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
5. List the four chambers of the heart. Right
atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left
ventricle
6. What are the four heart valves and their
locations? Tricuspid, between the right
atrium and right ventricle; bicuspid (mitral)
between the left atrium and left ventricle;
pulmonic (pulmonary semilunar) at the
entrace of the pulmonary artery; aortic (aortic
semilunar) at the entrance of the aorta
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CFs for:
1. heart:
2. atrium:
3. ventricle:
4. septum:
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
1. heart: cardi/o, coron/o
2. atrium: atri/o
3. ventricle: ventricul/o
4. septum: sept/o
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
5. vein:
6. artery:
7. valve:
8. electricity:
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
5. vein: phleb/o
6. artery: arteri/o
7. valve: valv/o, valvul/o
8. electricity: electr/o
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
9. fatty plaque:
10. embolus:
11. pulse:
12. muscle:
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
9. fatty plaque: ather/o
10.embolus: embol/o
11.pulse: sphygm/o
12.muscle: my/o
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
13. narrowing, stricture:
14. blood clot:
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
13. narrowing, stricture: sten/o
14. blood clot: thromb/o
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. forming an opening (mouth) in the septum:
/o/
2. destruction of a blood clot:
/o/lysis
3. pertaining to the ventricles:
/ar
4. tumor of fatty plaque:
/oma
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. forming an opening (mouth) in the septum:
sept/o/stomy
2. destruction of a blood clot: thromb/o/lysis
3. pertaining to the ventricles: ventricul/ar
4. tumor of fatty plaque: ather/oma
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
5. pertaining to within a vessel: endo/
6. inflammation of an arteriole:
7. condition of an embolus:
/ar
/
/ism
8. pertaining to the muscle of the heart:
/o/
/al
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
5. pertaining to within a vessel: endo/vascul/ar
6. inflammation of an arteriole: arteriol/itis
7. condition of an embolus: embol/ism
8. pertaining to the muscle of the heart:
my/o/cardi/al
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. narrowing of the aorta:
2. rupture of the heart:
3. condition (of a heart) without rhythm:
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. narrowing of the aorta: aort/o/stenosis
2. rupture of the heart: cardi/o/rrhexis
3. condition (of a heart) without rhythm:
a/rrhythm/ia
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. incision of the ventricles:
5. condition of a slow heart (beat):
6. process of recording the heart:
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
4. incision of the ventricles: ventricul/o/tomy
5. condition of a slow heart (beat):
brady/card/ia
6. process of recording the heart:
cardi/o/graphy
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
7. enlargement of the heart:
8. resembling a pulse:
9. tumor of a blood vessel:
10. condition of a rapid heart (beat):
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
7. enlargement of the heart: cardi/o/megaly
8. resembling a pulse: sphygm/oid
9. tumor of a blood vessel: hemangi/oma
10.condition of a rapid heart (beat):
tachy/card/ia or tachy/cardia
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions
Arteriosclerosis
•Progressive, degenerative
disease of the arteries
•Commonly caused by
build-up of fatty plaque
(atheroma)
• Illustration: Arteriosclerosis
of the carotid artery (Note
embolization of plaque that
may travel to the brain.)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Arteriosclerosis
(continued)
•Possibly affecting any artery but most
commonly the coronary and carotid arteries
•Causes wall weakness, loss of elasticity, and
blood clot formation
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Arteriosclerosis
•Treatment
(continued)
• Pharmacological
• Decrease blood cholesterol level
• Control blood clotting
• Surgical
• Endarterectomy
• Vascular bypass surgery
• Stenting
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. L. has dizziness, confusion, and weakness on
the left side of his body. Ultrasound of his carotid
artery shows blockage by fatty plaque. The
physician diagnoses this condition as
(arteriosclerosis, aneurysm, arteriorrhexis).
2. Mr. L. will undergo removal of plaque build-up
from his carotid artery, a surgical procedure called
(arteriectomy, endarterectomy, venulectomy).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. L. has dizziness, confusion, and
weakness on the left side of his body.
Ultrasound of his carotid artery shows
blockage by fatty plaque. The physician
diagnoses this condition as arteriosclerosis.
2. Mr. L. will undergo removal of plaque buildup from his carotid artery, a surgical
procedure called (arteriectomy,
endarterectomy, venulectomy).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. J. underwent ultrasound of her carotid
arteries. This test revealed minimal plaque in
her left carotid artery. Although not
imminent, her physician explained that an
excessive build-up of plaque may cause a(n)
(myocardial infarction, stroke, aneurysm).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mrs. J. underwent ultrasound of her carotid
arteries. This test revealed minimal plaque in
her left carotid artery. Although not
imminent, her physician explained that an
excessive buildup of plaque may cause a
(myocardial infarction, stroke, aneurysm).
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Coronary artery disease
(CAD)
•Any disorder of the
coronary arteries that
affects their ability to
deliver blood to
the myocardium
• Illustration: (A) Partial
coronary artery occlusion. (B)
Almost total occlusion
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
CAD (continued)
•Most commonly caused by arteriosclerosis
•Partial or total occlusion
• Partial occlusion — distal tissues become ischemic,
compromising heart function
• Total occlusion — distal tissues undergo infarction,
possibly causing death
•Possible blood clot formation or rupture
caused by plaque
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
CAD (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Classic signs and symptoms
• Anginal pain (See illustration
for typical sites of anginal
pain.)
• Shortness of breath (SOB)
• Diaphoresis
• Pallor
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
CAD (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Risk factors
(continued)
• Smoking
• Stress
• Physical inactivity
• Family history
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• High cholesterol
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
CAD (continued)
•Treatment
• Lifestyle changes
• Quit smoking
• Low-fat diet
• Regular exercise
• Weight and stress management
• Pharmacological
• Control of angina, hypertension, and triglyceride levels
• Anticoagulant therapy, if needed
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
CAD (continued)
•Treatment
(continued)
• Surgical intervention
• Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
• Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. T. has chest pain that radiates to his left
arm. He is pale and perspiring profusely. An
ECG reveals necrosed heart tissue. His
diagnosis is (fibrillations, MI, palpitations).
2. Mr. X. is diagnosed with CAD. The physician
tells him that lifestyle changes could reduce
the risk of further heart complications. These
changes include exercising regularly, losing
weight, reducing stress, and maintaining a
diet low in saturated
.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. T. has chest pain that radiates to his left
arm. He is pale and perspiring profusely. An
ECG reveals necrosed heart tissue. His
diagnosis is (fibrillations, MI, palpitations).
2. Mr. X. is diagnosed with CAD. The physician
tells him that lifestyle changes could reduce
the risk of further heart complications. These
changes include exercising regularly, losing
weight, reducing stress, and maintaining a
diet low in saturated fat.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. A 50-year-old male arrives at the clinic
complaining of pressure and pain in his
chest. After a brief examination, the
physician concludes that his symptoms are
due to lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, a
condition called (infarction, ischemia,
necrosis).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. A 50-year-old male arrives at the clinic
complaining of pressure and pain in his
chest. After a brief examination, the
physician concludes that his symptoms are
due to lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, a
condition called (infarction, ischemia,
necrosis).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Aneurysm
•Local dilation of an artery or chamber of the
heart due to weakening of its walls
•May cause thrombus formation, hemorrhage
from rupture, or ischemia
•Commonly located in the abdomen, chest, or
peripheral arteries
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Aneurysm (continued)
•Three main types (see illustration below)
• Fusiform (spindle-shaped)
• Saccular (sac-shaped)
• Dissecting (separated layers of the vessel wall)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Aneurysm (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Possibly asymptomatic
• In a slender patient, a pulsating middle and upper
abdominal mass
• Mild to severe weakness
• Sweating
• Tachycardia
• Hypotension
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Aneurysm (continued)
•Treatment
• Depends on the size of the aneurysm and likelihood
that it will rupture as well as the general physical
status of the patient
• Surgical treatment for a large unruptured aneurysm
•Interventional minimally invasive repair using imaging to guide
the catheter and graft inside the artery
• Catheter is passed into the femoral artery and directed to the
aneurysm
•Open surgical treatment, in which a Dacryon graft (synthetic
material) replaces the damaged blood vessel
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. An aneurysm may cause weakness, sweating,
tachycardia, and low blood pressure, also
known as (hypotension, hypertension,
hypothymia).
2. During a physical examination, the physician
palpates a pulsating mass in the patient's
abdomen. This sign is characteristic of a(n)
(aneurysm, carcinoma, tumor).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. An aneurysm may cause weakness, sweating,
tachycardia, and low blood pressure, also
known as (hypotension, hypertension,
hypothymia).
2. During a physical examination, the physician
palpates a pulsating mass in the patient's
abdomen. This sign is characteristic of an
(aneurysm, carcinoma, tumor).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. B.'s physician advises him that he has an
abdominal aneurysm. The physician explains
that the aneurysm is likely the cause of his
episodes of a very rapid heartbeat, called
.
4. During surgery, the surgeon discoveres a
spindle-shaped aneurysm in a patient's
artery. This type of aneurysm is known as a
(dissecting, fusiform, saccular) aneurysm.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. B.'s physician advises him that he has an
abdominal aneurysm. The physician explains
that the aneurysm is likely the cause of his
episodes of a very rapid heartbeat, called
tachycardia.
4. During surgery, the surgeon discoveres a
spindle-shaped aneurysm in a patient's
artery. This type of aneurysm is known as a
(dissecting, fusiform, saccular) aneurysm.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Varicose veins
•Twisted, enlarged veins
caused by blood pooling
from incompetent valves
(See illustration.)
•Common locations
• Lower legs
• Esophagus (called esophageal
varices)
• Rectum (called hemorrhoids)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Varicose veins
(continued)
•Signs and symptoms
• Engorged, twisted veins of the
legs
• Pain
• Edema
• Skin ulcers
• Burning sensation
• Itching
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Varicose veins
•Treatment
(continued)
• Lifestyle changes
• Avoiding long periods of standing
• Elevating legs as much as possible
• Wearing compression stockings
• Surgery
• Sclerotherapy
• Laser ablation
• Radiofrequency ablation
• Ligation and stripping (in heavily damaged or diseased
veins)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. With each of her four pregnancies, Mrs. M.
noticed an increase in her varicose veins. She
now complains of pain that is not relieved
when she elevates her legs or uses
compression stockings. She will have an
injection of an agent that hardens and
eventually destroys the varicose veins. This
procedures is known as (sclerotherapy,
ligation and stripping, laser ablation).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. With each of her four pregnancies, Mrs. M.
noticed an increase in her varicose veins. She
now complains of pain that is not relieved
when she elevates her legs or uses
compression stockings. She will have an
injection of an agent that hardens and
eventually destroys the varicose veins. This
procedures is known as (sclerotherapy,
ligation and stripping, laser ablation).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. G. is an 87-year-old nursing home
resident who has a history of vascular
problems and dependent edema. Recently,
he developed skin ulcers on his lower legs.
His daughter asked what caused the ulcers.
The nurse explains that skin ulcers are a
complication associated with (varicose veins,
advanced age, skin allergies).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. G. is an 87-year-old nursing home
resident who has a history of vascular
problems and dependent edema. Recently,
he developed skin ulcers on his lower legs.
His daughter asked what caused the ulcers.
The nurse explains that skin ulcers are a
complication associated with (varicose veins,
advanced age, skin allergies).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. arrhythmia:
2. embolus:
3. hypertension:
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. arrhythmia: inability of the heart to maintain a
normal sinus rhythm; also called dysrhythmia
2. embolus: mass of undissolved matter (foreign
object, gas, tissue, thrombus) circulating in the
blood until it becomes lodged in a vessel
3. hypertension: in adults, a persistently elevated
blood pressure that exceeds a systolic pressure of
140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. infarct:
5. ischemia:
6. stent:
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. infarct: area of tissue that undergoes
necrosis following cessation of blood supply
5. ischemia: local and temporary deficiency of
blood supply due to circulatory obstruction
6. stent: slender, thread-like device used to
hold open vessles, tubes, or obstructed
arteries
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
•Automatic implantable
cardioverter-defibrillator
(AICD)
• Device implanted in patients
at risk for developing
arrhythmias (See illustration.)
• Monitoring heart rate and
correcting tachycardia or
bradycardia
• Delivery of a jolt of electricity
to restart the heart if it stops
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Coronary artery bypass
graft (CABG)
• Surgical treatment for
coronary artery disease
• Grafted vessel anastomosed
around a blocked segment
of the coronary artery (see
illustration)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
• Balloon catheter insertion
through a small incision
• Balloon inflation, pressing
fatty plaque to the vessel's
sides, widening the opening
• Illustration: (A) Catheter
insertion. (B) Balloon inflation
and widening of opening.
(C) Balloon deflation.
(D) Catheter withdrawal.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Stent insertion
• Scaffolding device used to
hold a vessel open
• Illustration: (A) Balloon
catheter delivering stent.
(B) Balloon inflation,
compressing plaque and
expanding stent. (C)
Balloon catheter
withdrawal, leaving stent
in vessel.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Endarterectomy
• Procedure to remove
atheromatous plaque from
the inner lining of an artery
• Illustration: (A) Incision of
carotid artery. (B) Removal
of plaque. (C) Suture of
carotid artery.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. The surgeon removed a vessel from Mr. C.'s
leg. The surgeon used it to bypass a blocked
segment in Mr. C.'s coronary artery. The
surgeon anastomosed one end of this vessel
to the aorta and the other end to the
coronary artery distal to the occlusion. The
abbreviation for this bypass surgery is
.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. The surgeon removed a vessel from Mr. C.'s
leg. The surgeon used it to bypass a blocked
segment in Mr. C.'s coronary artery. The
surgeon anastomosed one end of this vessel
to the aorta and the other end to the
coronary artery distal to the occlusion. The
abbreviation for this bypass surgery is CABG.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. D. is diagnosed with CAD. To treat Mr.
D., the surgeon proposes an endovascular
procedure using a balloon catheter. This
procedure will reopen narrowed blood
vessels and restore blood flow and is known
as an (anastomosis, angioplasty,
endarterectomy).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. D. is diagnosed with CAD. To treat Mr.
D., the surgeon proposes an endovascular
procedure using a balloon catheter. This
procedure will reopen narrowed blood
vessels and restore blood flow and is known
as an (anastomosis, angioplasty,
endarterectomy).
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Ms. L. presents with complaints associated
with stroke. After a complete workup, the
physician diagnoses her with hardening of
the corotid artery and proposes implantation
of a device to hold this vessel open. This
device is known as a(n)
.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Ms. L. presents with complaints associated
with stroke. After a complete workup, the
physician diagnoses her with hardening of
the corotid artery and proposes implantation
of a device to hold this vessel open. This
device is known as a stent.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mrs. B. is diagnosed with ventricular
fibrillation. To treat her condition, the
cardiac surgeon will implant an automatic
battery-powered defibrillator. This device
automatically corrects arrhythmias by
sending electrical impulses to the heart. The
abbreviation for this defibrillator is
.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mrs. B. is diagnosed with ventricular
fibrillation. To treat her condition, the
cardiac surgeon will implant an automatic
battery-powered defibrillator. This device
automatically corrects arrhythmias by
sending electrical impulses to the heart. The
abbreviation for this defibrillator is AICD.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
5. Mr. W. is scheduled to undergo balloon
angioplasty to crush fatty deposits in the
coronary vessel and improve blood flow. The
nurse explains that this procedure is known
as PTCA, which stands for
.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
5. Mr. W. is scheduled to undergo balloon
angioplasty to crush fatty deposits in the
coronary vessel and improve blood flow. The
nurse explains that this procedure is known
as PTCA, which stands for percutaneous
transluminal coronary angioplasty.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
6. Mr. S. has suffered with cardiomyopathy for
several years and is now experiencing heart
failure. He is wheelchair-bound and suffers
from shortness of breath and a very slow
heart rate. The nurse charts his abnormally
slow heart rate as
.
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
6. Mr. S. has suffered with cardiomyopathy for
several years and is now experiencing heart
failure. He is wheelchair-bound and suffers
from shortness of breath and a very slow
heart rate. The nurse charts his abnormally
slow heart rate as bradycardia.
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures
•Cardiac catheterization
• Catheter guided into the heart
via a vein or an artery (see
illustration) for diagnostic
purposes, including:
• Measuring blood flow through
coronary vessels
• Measuring intracardiac or
intravascular pressure
• Obtaining blood samples
• Conducting radiological studies
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
• Painless, noninvasive test that records electrical
impulses of the heart using electrodes placed
strategically on the body
• Impulses displayed as a line tracing on a paper
strip with spikes and dips called waves
• Wave interpretation used to identify various
cardiac irregularities
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•ECG
(continued)
• Holter monitor
• ECG that records electrical
activity for 24 to 48 hours
(See illustration.)
• Identifies irregularities that
would be missed with a
regular ECG
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•ECG
(continued)
•ECG stress test
•ECG that evaluates heart
function under stressful
conditions
•Performed in a controlled
environment
•Drug-induced stress
•Exercise-induced stress,
also called treadmill test
(See illustration.)
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Carotid artery ultrasound
• Painless screening test that uses an ultrasound
probe passed over the carotid arteries
• Display of blockage in the carotid artery that
places one at risk for a stroke
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
• Insertion of an esophagoscope fitted with an
ultrasound transducer that is guided down the
throat
• Images of the heart shown without interference
from the ribs or other structures
• Provides information on the heart chambers and
valves
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Coronary angiography
• Radiological procedure that
visualizes the coronary
arteries
• Use of a cardiac catheter to
administer contrast medium
to the coronary arteries
• Images used to identify
areas of blockage
• Illustration: Coronary
angiography with fluoroscopy
(real-time images to guide
catheterization)
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
1. record of electrical (activity) of the heart:
2. process of recording electrical (activity) of
the heart:
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
1. record of electrical (activity) of the heart:
electr/o/cardi/o/gram
2. process of recording electrical (activity) of
the heart: electr/o/cardi/o/graphy
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
3. process of recording (radiography) a vein:
4. process of recording (radiography) the aorta:
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
3. process of recording (radiography) a vein:
ven/o/graphy
4. process of recording (radiography) the aorta:
aort/o/graphy
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
5. process of recording (radiography) (heart and
blood) vessels (after injection of a contrast
dye):
6. pertaining to across the esophagus:
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
5. process of recording (radiography) (heart and
blood) vessels (after injection of a contrast
dye): angi/o/graphy
6. pertaining to across the esophagus:
trans/esophag/eal
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8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pharmacology
•Statins
• Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the blood and
reduce its production in the liver by blocking
enzymes that produce it
•Nitrates
• Drugs used to dilate blood vessels, increasing
oxygen flow to the heart
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pharmacology
•Thrombolytics
• Drugs that break up clots and limit damage that
may result from vessels blocked by a clot
• Also called clot busters
•Beta-blockers
• Drugs that cause a decrease in heart rate
• Commonly prescribed for hypertension
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. T. is diagnosed with deep vein
thrombosis in her lower leg. Her physician
prescribes a drug that dissolves a blood clot,
known as a (beta blocker, nitrate,
thrombolytic).
2. Mr. B.'s doctor diagnoses him with
hypercholesterolemia. The doctor advises
him to follow a low-fat diet and prescribes a
drug that reduces cholesterol levels, known
as a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).
101
8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mrs. T. is diagnosed with deep vein
thrombosis in her lower leg. Her physician
prescribes a drug that dissolves a blood clot,
known as a (beta blocker, nitrate,
thrombolytic).
2. Mr. B.'s doctor diagnoses him with
hypercholesterolemia. The doctor advises
him to follow a low-fat diet and prescribes a
drug that reduces cholesterol levels, known
as a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).
102
8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Three years ago Mrs. S. underwent
angioplasty. She is now diagnosed with
reccurring CAD. To relieve her “tightening
chest pain” the physician prescribes a drug
called a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).
4. Mr. K.’s BP is persistently over 150/95. To
address this problem, the doctor prescribes a
(beta blocker, nitrate, statin).
103
8
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Three years ago Mrs. S. underwent
angioplasty. She is now diagnosed with
reccurring CAD. To relieve her “tightening
chest pain” the physician prescribes a drug
called a (beta blocker, nitrate, statin).
4. Mr. K.’s BP is persistently over 150/95. To
address this problem, the doctor prescribes a
(beta blocker, nitrate, statin).
104
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