Transcript SI PPT: Blood

SI Session
Blood and Circulation
Spring 2010
For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Class
Picture from http://www.staff.fcps.net/jholley/photogallery/photo_gallery.htm
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]
The heart and circulation
What are three major functions of blood?
What are some substances transported by blood?
How does blood help maintain pH? Body temperature?
What are white blood cells and what do they do?
What is plasma? Function of plasma proteins? How is plasma volume regulated?
What is the principal role of red blood cells?
What do platelets do? What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways? What
triggers each? (Don’t try to memorize the pathways.)
What are the five types of white blood cells?
What is hematopoiesis and where in the body does it take place?
What kinds of events affect the acid-base balance of the blood? What can correct alkalosis or acidosis?
What are the four chambers of the heart? Which receive blood, and from where? Which pump out
blood, and to where? Where are the AV and semilinar valves?
What can an ECG tell you about heart function? (significance of P, QRS and T waves)
What are factors that can cause the heart rate to increase or decrease?
Describe some factors that increase or decrease blood pressure.
Arteries and veins:
Which carries blood away from the heart, and which toward the heart?
Which carries oxygenated blood, and which deoxygenated (and what is the exception)?
What are the structural differences between arteries and veins?
What is the role of the lymphatic system in:
Maintaining body fluid levels?
Defense of the body against infection?
Functions of Circulatory System
Transportation
Temperature regulation
Immune function
______________
Cardiovascular system- heart and blood
vessels
Lymphatic
__________ system- lymph nodes,
lymphatic vessels
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Functions of Blood
•Transports
Dissolved gases (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide);
Waste products of metabolism (e.g. water, urea);
Hormones, Enzymes
Nutrients (eg. glucose, amino acids, Vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, glycerol)
Plasma proteins (blood clotting factors, antibodies, albumins)
Blood cells and other elements (RBC, WBC, pletelets)
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Functions of Blood
•Maintains body temperature
•Controls pH
slightly basic pH 7.4
6.8 to 7.4, otherwise it begins to damage cells.
•Removes toxins from the body
Send to the kidney
kidneys filter all of the blood in the body
•Regulation of Body Fluid Electrolytes
Fluid ~ by osmosis,
Electrolytes ~ eg. Excess salt is removed from the body in urine
•Immune function
Lymphocytes, antibodies.. etc
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A: Blood plasma
B: Buffy coat(WBCs, platelets)
C: RBCs(Erythrocytes)
D: Platelets(Thrombocyte )
E: WBCs(Leukocytes)
F: RBCs(Erythrocytes)
__________
Erythrocytes Transportation- oxygen and carbon dioxide
__________
Thrombocyte are required for clotting against blood loss
Erythrocytes,Thrombocyte
__________
Lack nuclei and mitochondria
Leukocytes
__________ Have a nucleus, mitochondria, and amoeboid ability
Leukocytes
__________ Granular or agranular; function in immunity.
__________
Erythrocytes is present in the blood in greatest numbers
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What proteins are found in plasma?
Albumins, Globulins, & Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen
________ Serves as clotting factor.
________
Globulins Carry transport; some are antibodies produced by
lympocytes.
Albumins Creates colloid osmotic pressure that draws H2O from
_________
interstitial fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume and
pressure.
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Leukocytes(WBCs)
-(Don’t have/Have) a nucleus, mitochondria, and amoeboid ability.
Granular
Agranular
- help detoxify foreign
substances and release
heparin.
eosinophils, basophils, and
neutrophils
-Monocytes ~Phagocytic
-B-lympocytes - antibodies.
lymphocytes and monocytes
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Hematopoiesis
- formation of blood cells from stem cells in
___________
bone marrow and _____________.
lymphoid tissue
Erythropoiesis
-Stimulated by erythropoietin
______________
(EPO)
from kidney.
-Old RBCs phagocytized.
-____
Iron recycled
Leukopoiesis
-Stimulated by __________.
cytokines
= autocrine regulators secreted by
immune system
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Blood Clotting
What is the first step in after a blood vessel is injured?
Vasoconstriction
What is the role of platelets(thrombocyte) in the blood clotting?
-Form a plug by sticking to each other
-release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction
-provide phospholipids in their cell membranes to activate
cotting factors.
What is the last step in clot formation?
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which
polymerizes to form a mesh
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Platelets(thrombocytes) in blood clotting…..
-Form a plug by sticking to each other
-Release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction
-Provide phospholipids needed for the intrinsic pathway
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Platelets
Plasmin
Hemostasis
Fibrinogen
Phospholipids Thrombin
Ca2+
Serotonin
Hemostasis
_________ refers to a process whereby bleeding is halted.
_________
Ca2+,
is required as a cofactor in clotting sequences
_________
Fibrinogen is a soluble protein and converted into insoluble
threads of fibrin.
Plasmin digests fibrin, dissolving clot.
_________
Serotonin,
_________
is involved vasoconstriction.
Platelets
Ca2+,
_________
Phospholipids
convert prothrombin to thrombin in common
pathway.
_________ converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to
Thrombin
form a meshwork.
_________
Platelets release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction.
Fibrinogen(I)
_________
is(are) clotting factor(s).
Ca2+(IV)
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Both Vitamin K and Ca2+ are needed for proper function of
clotting factors.
Is Ca2+ one of clotting factors? Yes! It is factor IV!
Is Vit K one of clotting factors? No! It is involved for formation of
some clotting factors in the liver.
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Vitamin K
-needed for formation of prothrombin and other clotting
factors in liver.
-needed for proper function of _____________.
clotting factors
Coumarin blocks clotting by inhibiting activation of Vit K.
-__________
-Low Vit K in the blood.
(Inhibits/promotes) blood clotting.
Ca2+
clotting factors
-needed for proper function of ____________.
-Low Ca2+ in the blood.
(Inhibits/promotes) blood clotting.
-_______
Citrate combines with Ca2+ and inhibits the activity of
clotting factors.
In detail, glutamate—(Vit K)Gamma-carboxyglutamate
glutamate at binding Ca2+
 Activate cotting factors
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Blood type A+
Rh+antigen
-On the surface of RBCs:A-antigen,
______________
-In the plasma: __________________
Antibody against B (Anti-B)
Blood type AB+
A-antigen, B-antigen,& Rh+antigen
-On the surface of RBCs: _________________________
-In the plasma: __________________
None against ABO
Blood type O+
-On the surface of RBCs: _____________
Rh+antigen
-In the plasma: __________________
Antibodies against A & B(Anti-B, Anti-B)
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Universal recipient AB+
-Which antibody against ABO does have?
None of them
-Agglutination (occurs/does not occur).
-Able to receive blood from any other group
in the ABO system.
Universal donor O-Which antibody against ABO does have?
Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-Rh if exposed to Rh+
-Agglutination (occurs/does not occur).
-Can receive from ____
O-Can give to everybody.
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Recipient
Donor
O− O+ A− A+ B− B+ AB− AB+
O−
O+
A−
A+
B−
B+
AB−
AB+
Table note
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agglutination!
Blood Type A+
Donor
Blood Type O+
Recipient
Recipient
Donor
What about antibodies in donor blood???
The possible reactions of anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in
the transfused blood to the recipients RBCs are not considered,
because a relatively small volume of plasma containing antibodies
is transfused.
-Consider (blood elements/plasma) of donor in blood transfusion.
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Transfusion error
Aggutination
Blockage of small vessels, hemolysis
Damage the kidneys and other organs
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Rh – people don’t make anti-Rh antibodies until
__________________________________
after their first exposure to Rh antigen.
1st pregnancy with Rh+ baby
In later pregnancies
mom may produce
Rh antibodies.
______________
2nd pregnancy with Rh+ baby
Antibodies cross placenta
hemolysis of fetal RBCs.
causing __________________
RhoGAM
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Blood vessels
Artery (from the heart to the body)
Vein (from the body to the heart)
Capillary
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Blood vessels
______ : the hollow space inside
Lumen
Three layers:
___________________________________
Tunica
interna, Tunica media, & Tunica externa
A: Artery
B: Vein
C:Tunica interna
F
D:Tunica media
C D
E
D C
E: Tunica externa
F: Valve
G:Venules
D
H:Arterioles
I: Carpillaries
G
A
H
B
I
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Blood vessels
______ : the hollow space inside
Lumen
Three layers:
Tunica interna, Tunica media, & Tunica externa
___________________________________
Tunica interna
___________
-The innermost tissue
-simple squamous epithelial tissue
-smooth surface for blood flow
___________
Tunica
media
-The middle tissue
-smooth muscle
-controls blood flow by changing
the lumen size
___________
Tunica
externa
-the outermost tissue
-dense connective tissue
-protects and strengthens the
blood vessel
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Arteries vs. Vein
Vein
Lumen size
larger
Tunica media
thicker
thinner
In systemic loop…
carry O2-rich
carry O2-poor
Blood to organs
blood from organs
In pulmonic loop…
carry O2-poor
carry O2-rich
Blood to lungs
blood from lungs
Small ones called…
arterioles
venules
Other features
higher blood pressure one-way valves
Arteries
smaller
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Capillaries
:The smallest blood vessels
-the thinness wall
:only the tunica (interna, media, externa)
 So, diffuse easily.
-only found in ______.
organs
-blood arterioles  venules
-exchange Gases or substances
O2 & nutrients to the tissue fluid  cells
CO2 & waste to the tissue fluid  blood
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Maintain proper ECF levels
-Normally filtration
-Osmotic reuptake
-Lymphatic drainage
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Edema
-High blood pressure or Venous obstruction
-Increased tissue protein concentration
-Decreased plasma protein concentration resulting from liver
disease.
-Obstruction of lymphatic vessels
-Leakage of plasma proteins into interstitial fluid
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Myxedema
-Hypothyroidism
-Excess production of glycoproteins in
extracellular matrix.
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Chemoreceptors
-Monitor blood PCO2, PO2, and pH (H+).
H2O + CO2  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3
PCO2 is most crucial effects on blood pH.
Increased CO2  H+ increases (decreased pH)
Decreased CO2  H+ decreass (Increased pH)
Blood Brain barrier(BBB)
-H+ cannot cross the BBB but,
monitor blood CO2
-Since PCO2 is most crucial effects on
blood pH.
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Hyperventilation (Overbreathing)
-the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary
-More O2 in; More CO2 out
High O2, Low CO2 in the body
Hypoventilation (Respiratory depression)
-Ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange.
Or the state of breathing slower and/or lighter.
-Less O2 in; Less CO2 out
Low O2, High CO2 in the body
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Hypoventilation
-Increased PCO2
(increases/decrease) [H+]; lower pH
stimulates chemoreceptor in medulla.
(increase/decrease) ventilation.
Hyperventilation
-Decreased PCO2
Decrease [H+]; (rise/lower) pH
stimulates chemoreceptor in medulla.
(increase/decrease) ventilation.
Low blood pH
-stimulates chemoreceptor in aortic
____________________.
and carotid bodies
-(increase/decrease) ventilation.
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What is hemoglobin and what role does it play in gas transport?
Hemoglobin (Hb)
-_______
4 globin polypeptide chains
_____________that
bind O2
4 heme groups
Loading of Hb with O2 occurs in ______;
lungs
tissues
unloading in ______.
Each heme has a ferrous ion that can bind __
1 O2
4 2s
 Therefore, each Hb can carry __O
O2-carrying capacity of blood depends on its ____
Hb levels
Hb production is controlled by ________________
erythropoietin (EPO)
The EPO Production stimulated by ________
low PO2 in kidneys
Carboxyhemoglobin
-Contains heme combined with carbon monoxide(CO)
-The heme can't bind O2.
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What are PCO2, PO2 anyway?
Pgas : partial pressure of that gas
PCO2 : partial pressure of CO2
PO2 : partial pressure of O2
When we say ….
“High PO2” – indicates that more oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.
“Low PO2” – indicates that less oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.
PO2 (does/does not) contain oxygen in Hb.
Most O2 in the blood is located in the (plasma/RBCs).
PO2 (does/does not) provide a measurement of the total
oxygen content of “whole” blood.
O2 must first dissolve in the plasma before it can diffuse to
the tissue cells increasing PO2.
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Anemia
-Lower Hb levels than normal.
Polycythemia
-Hb levels above normal
Androgens promote RBC production
 Hb levels in men are higher.
Hb-O2 affinity
-Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)
Higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb.
-Change by pH
↓pH  ↓ Affinity  More unloading
↑pH  ↑ Affinity  Less unloading
-Change by Temperature.
↓Temp.  ↓ Affinity  More unloading
↑Temp.  ↑ Affinity  Less unloading
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Sickle-cell Anemia
-HbS
:Single amino acid change causes crystallization at
low PO2
(e.s. Low PO2 at High altitude)
Makes RBCs less flexible and more fragile
-8-11% of African Americans
-Mostly genetic
So, a person with sickle-cell anemia is suggest NOT to take
a air plane or NOT to climb a mountain.
People with sickle cell trait are less likely to get
malaria. (provides malaria resistance.)
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Myoglobin
-O2 storage found in muslces.
-has only 1 globin, so can bind only 1O2.
-Higher affinity for O2 than Hb.
-Releases O2 only at low PO2.
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A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
G:Aortic valve
Aorta
Pulmonary valve H: Mitral valve
I: L.ventricle
R.atrium
Tricuspid valve J: Ventricular septum
Pulmonary artery K R.ventricle
L.atrium
The function of valve
- Prevent backflow of blood
Atrioventricular(AV) valves
-Between _______
________
atrium & ventricle
-(R) tricuspid valve (L) mitral valve
Semilunar valves
- Pulmonary valve, Aortic valve
-Open when ventricular
_________ contraction
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P wave
depolarization or atria
- caused by _________________.
Atrial contraction
- _____
QRS complex
- caused by _____________________
ventricular depolarization
Ventricular contraction
- ___________
Called __________
P-R interval
T wave
- results from ___________________.
ventricular repolarization
relaxation
- ventricular __________
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•HeartArteriesArteriolesCapillaries
• VenulesVeinsHeart
Heart
Heart
Vein
Artery
Venule
Capillary
From Dr. Hughey’s Bio42 class slide
Arteriole
Heart structure
__atria
2
& __ventricles
2
A: R. Atrium
F: Inferior
vena cava
B: R. Ventricle
C: L. Atrium
G: Pulmonary
artery
D: L. Ventricle
E: Superior
H: Pulmonary
vena cava
vein
I: Aorta
J: Lung
-Oxygeneted Blood
-Low O2 in Blood
________
Arteries Blood flow from the heart.
________
Vein
Blood flow to the heart.
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The heart pumps blood through two blood
vessel loops.
_____________
Pulmonary loop
Blood heart  lungs
Picks up O2 and releases CO2 in to the
air
_________________
Systemic loop
-Blood heart to all organs(except the
lungs)
-delivers O2 and nutrients to cells
-picks up CO2
________
Arteries Blood flow from the heart.
________
Vein
Blood flow to the heart.
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-Oxygeneted Blood
-Low O2 in Blood
_________________
Pulmonary circulation -Lungs  Heart
-R.vetricle through lungs and back to L.atrium
Systemic circulation -Heart body
________________
-L.vetricle to body and back to R.atrium
Blood Flow
Aorta
Tissue
Superior/Inferior vena cava
L.ventricle
R.atrium
L.atrium
R.ventricle
Pulmonary vein
Lungs
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Pulmonary artery
________
Arteries Blood flow from the heart.
________
Vein
Blood flow to the heart.
The first arteries (From the heart)
-________________
Pulmonary arteries in the pulmonary loop
-________________
in the systemic loop
Aorta
The last vein (to the heart)
-________________
in the pulmonary loop
Pulmonary vein
-________________
Superior vena cava in the systemic loop
& Inferior vena cava
-Oxygeneted Blood
-Low O2 in Blood
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Lymphatic system
•Transport
- Fluid transport from tissues (Lymph)
to the blood(venous blood stream).
- Fat transport from intestines to
the blood.
•Immune response
- provide immunological defenses
against pathogens
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Lymph
________
:faintly yellowish fluid derived from body tissues that
contains white blood cells and circulates throughout
the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic capillaries
-form vast networks in intercellular
spaces.
-Very porous; absorb proteins,
Microorganisms, and fat.
Lymph
____________
nodes
-filter lymph before returning it to veins.
-contain phagocytic cells that that remove pathogens.
-make lymphocytes.
* Lymphocytes also made in tonsils, spleen, thymus.
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