Transcript Non-Communicable Diseases

Non-Communicable
Diseases
Chapter 25
Bell Activity
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What is a non-communicable disease?
– A. A disease that you don’t talk about.
– B. A disease that attacks your social skills.
– C. A disease that can’t be passed around.
– D. A disease that can be passed around.
Health Goal
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I will be informed about my heredity.
What is it??
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A non-communicable disease, or
NCD, is a medical condition or
disease which is non-infectious.
About NCDs
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NCDs are diseases of long
duration and generally slow
progression.
They include: heart disease,
stroke, cancer, asthma, diabetes,
chronic kidney disease,
osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease,
cataracts, and more.
Non-infectious
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While often referred to as "chronic
diseases", NCDs are distinguished by
their non-infectious cause.
The World Health Organization (WHO)
reports NCDs to be by far the leading
cause of mortality in the world,
representing over 60% of all deaths.
Death from NCD
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Out of the 35 million people who died
from NCDs in 2005, half were under
age 70 and half were women.
Risk factors such as a person's
background, lifestyle and environment
are known to increase the likelihood of
certain NCDs.
Death from NCD
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Every year, at least 5 million
people die because of tobacco use
and about 2.8 million die from
being overweight.
High cholesterol accounts for
roughly 2.6 million deaths and 7.5
million die because of high blood
pressure.
Risk Factors
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Risk factors such as a person's
background, lifestyle and environment
are known to increase the likelihood of
certain non-communicable diseases.
They include: age, sex, genetics,
exposure to air pollution, and
behaviors such as smoking, unhealthy
diet and physical inactivity which can
lead to hypertension and obesity, in
turn leading to increased risk of many
NCDs.
Are they preventable?
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Most NCDs are considered
preventable because they are
caused by modifiable risk factors.
What does “modifiable” mean?
Five Important Risk
Factors
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The WHO's World Health Report
2002 identified five important risk
factors for non-communicable
disease in the top ten leading
risks to health. These are raised
blood pressure, raised
cholesterol, tobacco use, alcohol
consumption, and overweight.
Interventions
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Interventions targeting the main
risk factors could have a
significant impact on reducing the
burden of disease worldwide.
Efforts focused on better diet and
increased physical activity have
been shown to control the
prevalence of NCDs
Inherited Diseases
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Genetic disorders are caused by errors
in genetic information that produce
diseases in the affected people. These
errors may include:
– A change in the chromosome numbers,
such as Down syndrome
– A defect in a single gene caused by
mutation
– A rearrangement of genetic information.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
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Formerly non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or
adult-onset diabetes – is a
metabolic disorder that is
characterized by high blood glucose in
the context of insulin resistance and
relative insulin deficiency
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Cont’d
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Diabetes is often initially managed by
increasing exercise and dietary modification.
If the condition progresses, medications
may be needed.
Long-term complications from high blood
sugar can include increased risk of heart
attacks, strokes, amputation, and kidney
failure.
For extreme cases, circulation of limbs is
affected, potentially requiring amputation.
Loss of hearing, eyesight, and cognitive
ability has also been linked to this condition.
Heart Disease
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Your heart is an amazing organ. It
continuously pumps oxygen and nutrientrich blood throughout your body to sustain
life.
This fist-sized powerhouse beats (expands
and contracts) 100,000 times per day,
pumping five or six quarts of blood each
minute, or about 2,000 gallons per day.
The Heart’s Functions
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Blood is essential.
In addition to carrying fresh oxygen
from the lungs and nutrients to your
body's tissues, it also takes the body's
waste products, including carbon
dioxide, away from the tissues.
This is necessary to sustain life and
promote the health of all the body's
tissues.
Heart Disease
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When you think of heart disease,
usually people think of coronary artery
disease (narrowing of the arteries
leading to the heart), but coronary
artery disease is just one type of
cardiovascular disease.
Cardiovascular Disease
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Cardiovascular disease includes a number of conditions
affecting the structures or function of the heart. They can
include:
Coronary artery disease (including heart attack)
Abnormal heart rhythms or arrythmias
Heart failure
Heart valve disease
Congenital heart disease
Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy)
Pericardial disease
Aorta disease and Marfan syndrome
Vascular disease (blood vessel disease)
Leading Cause of Death in
the U.S.
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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause
of death for both men and women in the
U.S.
It is important to learn about your heart to
help prevent heart disease.
And, if you have cardiovascular disease, you
can live a healthier, more active life by
learning about your disease and treatments
and by becoming an active participant in
your care.
Abnormal Heart Rhythms
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The heart is an amazing organ.
It beats in a steady, even rhythm, about 60
to 100 times each minute (that's about
100,000 times each day!).
But, sometimes your heart gets out of
rhythm. An irregular or abnormal heartbeat
is called an arrhythmia. An arrhythmia (also
called a dysrhythmia) can involve a change
in the rhythm, producing an uneven
heartbeat, or a change in the rate, causing
a very slow or very fast heartbeat.
Heart Failure
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The term "heart failure" can be frightening.
It does not mean the heart has "failed" or
stopped working.
It means the heart does not pump as well
as it should.
This then leads to salt and water retention,
causing swelling and shortness of breath.
The swelling and shortness of breath are
the primary symptoms of heart failure.
Congenital Heart Disease
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Congenital heart disease is a type of defect in one
or more structures of the heart or blood vessels
that occurs before birth.
It affects about eight out of every 1,000 children.
Congenital heart defects may produce symptoms at
birth, during childhood, and sometimes not until
adulthood.
In most cases scientists don't know why they occur.
Heredity may play a role as well as exposure to the
fetus during pregnancy to certain viral infections,
alcohol, or drugs.
What is Cancer?
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Cancer is the general name for a group of
more than 100 diseases in which cells in a
part of the body begin to grow out of
control.
Although there are many kinds of cancer,
they all start because abnormal cells grow
out of control. Untreated cancers can cause
serious illness and even death.
Normal Cells in the Body
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The body is made up of hundreds of millions
of living cells. Normal body cells grow,
divide, and die in an orderly fashion.
During the early years of a person's life,
normal cells divide faster to allow the
person to grow.
After the person becomes an adult, most
cells divide only to replace worn-out or
dying cells or to repair injuries.
How Cancer Starts
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Cancer starts when cells in a part of
the body start to grow out of control.
There are many kinds of cancer, but
they all start because of out-of-control
growth of abnormal cells.
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In most cases the cancer cells form a
tumor.
Some cancers, like leukemia, rarely
form tumors.
Instead, these cancer cells involve the
blood and blood-forming organs and
circulate through other tissues where
they grow.
How Cancer Spreads
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Cancer cells often travel to other parts
of the body, where they begin to grow
and form new tumors that replace
normal tissue.
This process is called metastasis.
It happens when the cancer cells get
into the bloodstream or lymph vessels
of our body.
How Cancers Differ
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No matter where a cancer may spread, it is
always named for the place where it
started.
For example, breast cancer that has spread
to the liver is still called breast cancer, not
liver cancer.
Likewise, prostate cancer that has spread to
the bone is metastatic prostate cancer, not
bone cancer.
Different Types of Cancer
Behave Differently
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Different types of cancer can behave very
differently.
For example, lung cancer and breast cancer
are very different diseases.
They grow at different rates and respond to
different treatments.
That is why people with cancer need
treatment that is aimed at their particular
kind of cancer.
How Common is Cancer?
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Half of all men and one-third of all women in the
US will develop cancer during their lifetimes.
Today, millions of people are living with cancer or
have had cancer.
The risk of developing most types of cancer can be
reduced by changes in a person's lifestyle, for
example, by quitting smoking, limiting time in the
sun, being physically active, and eating a better
diet.
The sooner a cancer is found and treated, the
better the chances are for living for many years.