Transcript Human Reproductive System

Cardiovascular System
•Organs and Cells
•Organization and Functions
•Cardiovascular Health as a
Multifactorial Trait
Heart Chambers
and Valves
Left Atrium
Right
Atrium
Atrioventricular
Valve
Right Ventricle
Atrioventricular
Valve
Left
Ventricle
Semilunar
Valves
Tissues of the Heart
Endocardium- lining
Myocardium- muscle
Pericardium- outside
Layers of Heart Tissue
Fibrous
pericardium
Visceral
pericardium
The Cardiac Cycle
Oxygenated
blood from lungs
Deoxygenated
blood to lungs
Heart Relaxes;
atria fill passively
Oxygenated
Deoxygenated
blood from body blood to body
Atria Contract
Ventricles Contract
Flow of Blood to Lungs and Body
Lung
Capillaries
Atria
Ventricles
Body Capillaries
Control of Heartbeat
Sinoatrial (SA)
Node
Atrioventricular
(AV) Node
SA Node = pacemaker
Excitable
Fibers
AV Node receives
signals from SA node,
sends signal through
excitable fibers for
ventricles to beat
simultaneously
Superior
Vena Cava
(from upper body)
Pulmonary Artery
(to right lung)
Aorta
Connecting
Vessels
Pulmonary Artery
(to left lung)
Pulmonary Veins
(from left lung)
Pulmonary Veins
(from right lung)
Inferior Vena Cava
(from lower body)
Descending Aorta
(to lower body)
Blood Vessels of the Heart
Coronary arteries (red)
and cardiac veins (blue)
serve heart muscle
Imaging methods can
detect blockages in
coronary arteries
Applying Your Knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Left Ventricle
Semilunar Valve
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Atrioventricular valve
A. Which structure receives blood returning
from the lungs?
B. Which structure prevents blood from flowing
back into the ventricles?
C. Which structure pumps blood to the body
capillaries?
Heart
Function
Atrioventricular
Valves Close
“lubb” sound
Semilunar
Valves Close
“dup” sound
Atria
Contract
Ventricles
Relax
Atria
Relax
Ventricles
Contract
Heartbeat
visualized
with ECG
Irregular heart rhythm
Capillaries
Arteriole
--Arteries carry
blood away
from the heart
--Veins carry
blood back to
the heart
--Capillaries
allow blood to
reach tissues
Venule
Connective
Tissue
Muscle
ConnectiveTissue
Artery
Endothelium
Vein
Structures and
Interconnections
of Blood Vessels
Blood Return Through Veins
• Skeletal muscles
help return blood
to the heart
• Valves prevent
back-flow
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure =
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
Systolic: pressure during
ventricular contraction
Diastolic: pressure during
ventricular relaxation
Blood Components
Platelets initiate
blood clotting
Plasma is the fluid portion of
blood that transports nutrients,
gases, hormones and waste.
Lipid Carriers distribute
triglycerides and cholesterol.
LDL = low density lipoprotein
delivers cholesterol
HDL= high density lipoprotein
returns cholesterol to
liver for destruction
White blood cells
defend against invaders
Red blood cells
carry oxygen
Applying Your Knowledge
1. Plasma
2. Red blood cells
3. White blood cells
A. Which one transports nutrients?
B. Which one fights foreign invaders?
C. Which one carries oxygen?
Multifactorial and
Polygenic Traits
• Multifactorial Trait: Phenotype is influenced by
the environment
– Heritability: measure of genetic contribution to the
phenotype
• Polygenic Trait: Phenotype is determined by the
activities of more than one gene
– Show a range of phenotypes
– Likely to also be Multifactorial Traits
Multifactorial Polygenic Trait:
Heart Health
Heart health depends on
1. Blood pressure
2. Lipid metabolism
3. Blood clotting
4. Tendency for white
blood cells to adhere
to blood vessel walls
Genes Involved in Cardiovascular Health
Rare alleles
related to risk for
cardiovascular
diseases