Transcript Division of Youth Corrections

DR A.MALIK
Emergency First Aid
and CPR
FIRST AID PROCEDURES
COVERED
Bleeding/Shock/Minor injuries
Burn Care
Neck and Back Injuries
Heat Exhaustion/Heat Stroke
Hypothermia/Frost Bite
Severe Allergic Reactions
Bites and Stings
Faints/
BLEEDING
Apply direct pressure to
the wound (at this time a
direct pressure bandage
may be used)
Elevate (do not further
harm)
Pressure Point additional
pressure may be applied to
a pressure point to help
reduce bleeding.
CARE FOR SHOCK
 Keep the victim laying down
(if possible).
 Elevate legs 10-12 inches…
unless you suspect a spinal
injury or broken bones.
 Cover the victim to maintain
body temperature.
 Provide the victim with
plenty of fresh air.
 If victim begins to vomit place them on their left side.
 Approach for medical help
FIRST AID FOR SPRAINS AND STRAINS
I-C-E
I - Ice, apply a cold
pack. Do not apply
ice directly to skin.
C - Compress, use
an elastic or
conforming wrap not too tight.
E - Elevate, above
heart level to control
internal bleeding.
CARE FOR DISLOCATIONS AND FRACTURES
I-A-C-T
I - Immobilize area. Use pillows, jackets,
blankets, etc. Stop any movement by
supporting injured area.
A - Activate Emergency Medical Services
(EMS), call 102.
C - Care for shock. See “Care for Shock”
slide.
T - Treat any additional secondary injuries.
BURNS
First Degree
Burn
Second Degree
Burn
Third Degree
Burn
First Degree Burn
1. brief exposure to
heat
2. skin is intact,
but red and the
burned area is
painful.
Figure: An area of first degree burn
surrounding a second degree burn
3. Sunburn
First Aid : immerse or run the burned area under cold water.
don’t use ice
Apply moist dressings and bandage loosely
Second Degree Burn
1.prolonged exposure to
heat or very high
temperatures
2. skin may be intact or it
may appear to be
partially peeling.
3. Any burn with blisters
is second degree
4. very painful
First Aid : If the skin is intact (not peeling) then run the
burned area under cold water
don’t use ice, Do not try to burst the blisters.
•Apply dry dressings and bandage loosely
Third Degree Burn
1. Deepest
2. look white or
charred,extend
through all skin
layers
3. May have severe pain
-- or no pain at all -- if
the nerve endings are
destroyed
Figure 3: A third degree burn.
Third Degree Burn:Contd.
4. Third degree burns
can go into shock
earlier
5. notorious for getting
infected
6. Cover the area in a
clean, dry dressing
Figure 3: A third degree burn.
SNAKE BITE1.Non Poisonous Snakes
2. Poisonous Snakes
SNAKE BITE
Non Poisonous Snakes
Do not have fangs with which
to inject venom.
SNAKE BITE
Poisonous Snakes
Poisonous snakes have fangs
to inject venom.
SNAKE BITEVenom
Tissues
Absorbed
into the lymphatic system
network of tubes that drains fluid
(lymph) from the body’s tissues and
empties it back into the bloodstream
Rarely venom reaches blood stream
SNAKE BITE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
puncture marks, or parallel scratches on the
skin - rarely any pain
•anxiety
•pale, cool skin with progressive onset of
sweating
•rapid, weak pulse
•rapid, shallow breathing
•blurred vision, drooping eyelids
•difficulty swallowing and speaking
•abdominal pain
•nausea and/or vomiting
•collapse - progressing to a comatose state
SNAKE BITE
FIRST AID & TREATMENT
‘pressure immobilization bandage’
This bandage is applied as
firmly as bandaging a
sprained ankle, and is
designed to slow the
movement of venom through
the lymphatic system.
Bandaging the wound firmly tends to
compress the lymph vessels, which helps
to slow or prevent the venom from leaving
the bite site.
SNAKE BITE
FIRST AID & TREATMENT – CONTD.
•reassure
•complete rest
•apply direct pressure over the
bitten area
•obtain a history
•immobilize the limb with a
splint
•avoid elevating the limb
•DO NOT use an arterial
tourniquet
•DO NOT remove the bandage
and splint once it has been
SNAKE BITE
What is venom?
Venom is a poison that one animal injects into another. In
snakes, venom is modified saliva. A snake injects poison by
biting. Venom is at least 90% protein and most of the protein
are enzymes.
What is anti-venom? Snake bites are effectively treated by
anti-venom. Venom is first extracted from the snake. Minute
quantities of this venom are then injected into a large animal
like a horse, and the quantity increased slowly until the
animal develops antibodies to the venom. Its blood is
extracted and the antibodies concentrated and freeze dried
for storage.
Environmental Conditions
DEHYDRATION
HEAT CRAMPS
HEAT EXHAUSTION
HEAT STROKE
EXPOSURE TO COLD
Dehydration
Dehydration is a condition
caused by the casualty’s loss of
fluids from perspiration and
prolonged exposure to heat and
humidity. When the casualty’s
fluid loss exceeds his or her
input through drinking,
dehydration occurs and the
blood volume lessens. A
prolonged period of dehydration
will lead to shock
Dehydration
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
pale, cool, clammy skin
rapid breathing
profuse and prolonged sweating
thirst
loss of skin elasticity (‘pinch test’ on back of hand)
sunken eyes in children
CARE AND TREATMENT
complete rest in the shade remove
unnecessary
clothing
give cool water to drink, ORS
ensure casualty has assistance when recovered
Heat Illness
Predisposing Factors
Physical activity
Extremes of age, poor physical condition, fatigue
Excessive clothing
Dehydration
Cardiovascular disease
Skin disorders
Obesity
Drugs
Phenothiazines, anticholinergics, B and Ca channel blockers,
diuretics, amphetamines, LSD, cocaine, MAOIs
Heat Stroke
``Condition occurs suddenly &can
cause unconsciousness in
minutes``
It is due to failure of ``thermostat`` in
the brain
#The body rapidly becomes dangerously
Overheated (>40 degrees) either due to
Prolonged exposure to very hot
surroundings or illness involving very
High fever
Heat Stroke
SYMPTOMS
TREATMENT
Hot, Flushed & Dry skin
Cool place
Headache,Dizziness,
Confusion/restlessnessTub of cold water/cold
Altered LOC
bath or wrap in cold w
And elevated
temperature
Body temp >40 deg C
(>105 degrees F)
Syncope
History is critical
sheet
Cool until 38deg C(100
deg F)
If becomes unconsciou
Frost Bite
SYMPTOMS
Caused by freezing conditions which cut off
circulation, usually in extremities (hands, feet,
ears, nose), which may be permanently affected.
Frost-bitten areas are cold, pale or marbledlooking, solid to the touch, and painless (until
circulation is restored).
TREATMENT
Giving warm drinks, and covering with
blankets. Warm the injured part with body
heat only-put a hand under an armpit,
for example. Do not rub the skin or apply
direct heat to the injured area.
Muscle cramps
SYMPTOMS
Caused by over-stretching muscles, or by
abnormal muscle contraction. They may also
be associated with loss of fluid due to
excessive sweating.
Characterized by pain, tenderness, loss of
power and stiffening or spasms of the
muscles.
TREATMENT
Rest, application of an ice pack, then subsequent
gentle stretching.
DO NOT massage the affected muscles.
Chest cramps (or ‘stitches’)
SYMPTOMS
Usually caused by cramps of the intercostals
muscles between the ribs
Brought on by exertion, chest cramps are
identified by sharp, spasmodic pain in the
chest, difficulty in standing upright, and
gasping respirations.
TREATMENT
A ‘Stitch’ will disappear with rest and
concentration on deep breathing.
‘Tennis elbow’
SYMPTOMS
This injury is due to a strain of
the tendons and muscles
associated with the elbow.
Severe cases also involve the
ligaments. It is usually a
chronic condition, and
presents when the elbow is
over-used or over-stretched.
pain over the bone on the
outer side of the joint that
becomes more severe on
movement.
TREATMENT
Apply Ice pack and support in a sling
Shin splints
SYMPTOMS
This injury is due to a strain of
the long flexor muscle of the
toes, characterized by pain
along the shinbone. This is an
injury common to track
athletes and footballers.
FIRST AID
rest, application of an ice pack,
and elevation of the limb.
FRACTURES-TYPES
 Closed - where the bone
has fractured but has no
obvious external wound.
 Open - where there is a
wound leading to the
fracture site or the bone
is protruding from the
skin.
 Complicated - which may
involve damage to
associated vital organs
and major blood vessels
as a result of the fracture.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
FRACTURES
*pale, cool, clammy skin
*rapid, weak pulse
*pain at the site
*tenderness
*loss of power to limb
*Associated wound and blood loss
*Deformity
FRACTURES-FIRST AID
The basic aim of management
for fractured limbs is to
immobilization. Immobilization
helps reduce movement and the
pain associated with fractures.
Immobilize the limb with a
natural splint
Fractured Forearm:
*check for pulse to the end
part of the limb
*treat any wounds
*pad bony prominences
*apply adequate splint
*secure above and below
fracture, secure wrist
*elevate injury with arm sling
SLINGS
Slings are used to support an injured arm.
Generally, the sling is made with a
triangular bandage.
Any material, e.g.. tie, belt, or piece of
thick rope, can be used in an emergency.
If no likely material is at hand, an injured
arm can be adequately supported by
inserting it inside the casualty’s shirt
ARM SLING
Support the injured forearm approximately
parallel to the ground with the wrist slightly
higher than the elbow
Place an opened triangular bandage between
the body and the arm, with its apex towards
the elbow
Extend the upper point of the bandage over the
shoulder on the uninjured side
Bring the lower point up over the arm, across
the shoulder on the injured side to join the
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CPR ABC’s
AIRWAY - Open the
airway with the tiltchin method.
Breath - give two
breaths.
Check circulation.
 If there is no pulse or
breathing…..(next slide)
CPR
Continued
 … Perform chest compressions.
 15 compressions and two breaths.
Count = 1&2&3&4&5…&15
Call 102.
RESCUE BREATHING
1 breath every 5 seconds - 12 per
minute.
Compressions : ventilations = 15:2
Why should I do CPR?
CPR provides some circulation of oxygenrich blood to the victim's heart and brain.
This circulation delays both brain death
and the death of the heart muscle.
CPR buys some time until the AED can
arrive, and it also makes the heart more
likely to respond to defibrillation.
Unconscious but breathing
normally
Turn casualty into the recovery position
Check for continued breathing
Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Sudden cardiac arrest
simply means that the
heart unexpectedly
and abruptly stops
beating.
This is usually caused
by an abnormal heart
rhythm called V.F.
Rhythms in Cardiac Arrest
Ventricular Fibrillation.
(Chaotic rhythm)
Pulseless Ventrcular
Tachycardia.
(Very fast rhythm with no
pulse)
Asystole
(No electrical activity)
P.E.A. / E.M.D.
(Electrical activity, no pulse
Ventricular Fibrillation
VF
44
Ventricular Fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is an abnormal heart
rhythm often seen in sudden cardiac arrest.
This rhythm is caused by an abnormal and very
fast electrical activity in the heart.
VF is chaotic and unorganized; the heart just
quivers and cannot effectively pump blood.
Ventricular Fibrillation
VF will be short lived and will deteriorate
to asystole (a flat line) if not treated
promptly.
For each minute that VF persists, the
likelihood of successful resuscitation
decreases by approximately 10 percent.
Head Injuries
Head injuries can easily
mislead the first aid provider
by not exhibiting the
expected signs and symptoms
immediately after the
incident.
Head Injuries
casualty has appeared
unaffected after the incident only
to collapse with life-threatening
symptoms some hours later.
This may be due to a small bleed
in the brain that eventually
increases and applies excessive
pressure on the brain tissue.
Head Injuries
Head InjuriesSIGNS/SYMPTOMS
•Head wounds
•deformation and/or crepitus of the skull
•altered level of consciousness
•evidence of CSF leaking from ears or nose
•may have unequal pupils
•Headache
•‘Black Eyes’
•nausea and/or vomiting
•restlessness and irritability, confusion
•blurred or double vision
•‘snoring’ respirations if unconscious
THE END
HEALTH CENTRE
CFCL GADEPAN