Transcript The Physics of Sound - University of Toronto

Musical Performance
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Musical performance in broad sense
• Children’s play songs, hymn or folk
singing, dancing to music
• All merit investigation in own right
Musical performance in narrow sense
• Performer or group of performers selfconsciously enact music for audience
• In Western culture performed music
often not written by person involved in
performance
• Talk about this sense of performance
• Most contemporary research about this
type of performance
• There is an objective record of
performer’s “intentions”
Musical Performance
Organizational structure of empirical
research on musical performance
Gabrielsson (1999)
Introduction
Performance Planning
• Representation and
performance planning
• Practising
Sight Reading
• Practising
• General characteristics
• Eye movements
• Sight reading and memorizing
• Relation to musical structure
Improvisation
Feedback in performance
Motor processes in performance
• General questions
• Motor exercises
• Theories of motor skill
• Empirical investigations
• Eye movements
• Expressive movements
Measurements of performance
• Measurement procedures and data
analysis
• Early investigations
• Contemporary investigations
• Comments
Models of music performance
• Models based on measurements
• Models based on Intuitions
• Comments
Physical factors in performance
• Medical problems
• Hearing impairment
• Stress factors
Psychological and social factors
• Development
• Personality
• Music as occupation
• Performance anxiety
Performance evaluation
Musical Performance
Number of papers in different areas
of music performance research
Gabrielsson (1999)
Measurement of Music
Performance
Measurement procedures and
data analysis
Types of note durations
• Internote interval, interonset interval, dii:
• The duration from the beginning of one
tone to the beginning of the next tone
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Duration in-out, dio:
• The duration from the beginning of one
tone to its end
Note articulations:
• Legato – Successive notes overlap. Thus,
dio > dii
• Staccato – The first tone ends before the
second tone begins. Thus, dio < dii
Measurement of Music
Performance
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Timing and dynamics
Hypothesized duration relations
Measurement of Music
Performance
Percent deviation from mechanical
regularity in note duration
Gabrielsson (1987)
Measurement of Music
Performance
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Reasons for deviations from
mechanical regularity
Helps to make musical structure clear
Helps make clear performers’ musical
intentions
• Study by Palmer (1989)
Measurement of Music
Performance
Performer’s intentions and
musical performance
Palmer (1989)
Models of Music Performance
Models based on measurements
Todd (1989)
Models of Music Performance
Models based on intuitions
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Johann Sundberg’s performance rules
Manfred Clynes (Clynes, 1987)
• Hierarchical pulse: One can feel a
specific pulse in music, with the nature of
the pulse unique to each composer
• Hierarchical pulse for Beethoven, Mozart,
and Haydn:
Models of Music Performance
Models based on intuitions
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Johann Sundberg’s performance rules
Manfred Clynes (Clynes, 1987)
• Hierarchical pulse: One can feel a
specific pulse in music, with the nature of
the pulse unique to each composer
• Predictive amplitude shaping: The
amplitude of each tone depends on what
tone follows it, and when
Performance Planning
Representation and performance
planning
Schematic illustration of serial distance and
phrase structure manipulations
Palmer and Van de Sande (1995)
Performance Planning
Representation and performance
planning
Musical excerpt manipulating serial distance
and phrase structure planning
Palmer and Van de Sande (1995)
Sight Reading
Eye movements in sight reading
Sight Reading
Proof-reader’s errors in sight reading
Motor Processes In
Performance
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Theories of motor skill
Closed-loop theory
• Sensory information produced from
movement is fed back to central nervous
system and compared with internal
referent o check for discrepancies
Open-Loop or motor programming theory
• All movement parameters are specified in
a motor command, and the movement
runs to its completion without alteration
• All movement parameters are specified in
a motor command, and the movement
runs to its completion without alteration
Motor Processes In
Performance
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Theories of motor skill
Schema theory
• There are abstract representations of
classes of motor actions, generalized
motor programs, out of which a wide
variety of movements can be generated
Bernstein’s degrees of freedom approach
• The number of combinations of muscle
settings for different movements is too
large to be managed by a controlled
executive
• Thus, muscles are not individually
controlled but function in muscle linkages
or coordinated structures, which act as
functional units