Transcript File

Unit 7: Periodic
Table
Chapters 6 & 7
Chemistry 1K
Cypress Creek High
School
Part 3:
Arrangement
of the
Periodic
Table
Energy Levels & Sublevels
States of Matter
Phase at room temperature…
Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids
Metals




Found on the left side of table
Have 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons
Lose electrons to form positive ions (cations)
Most are silver, shiny, solid, malleable, ductile & good heat /
electrical conductors
 Exist as solids at room temperature except for Hg (liquid)
Nonmetals





Found on the right side of table
Have 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons
Gain electrons to form negative ions (anions)
Most are brittle, dull, non-conductors
Exist as solids, liquids, and gases at room temperature
Metalloids
 Found along the stair-step between metals and
nonmetals, excluding Al
 Properties are intermediate between metals &
nonmetals
Oxidation Numbers
 Number of electrons lost or gained when reacting to achieve
full valence, often called the charge (ex: Na+ ; O2-)
 Metals - form cations (+) ; lose valence electrons
 d & f block metals have multiple oxidation numbers
 Nonmetals - form anions (-) ; gain valence electrons
 Metalloids - oxidation numbers vary
1+
0
2+
3+ 4+/- 3- 2- 1multiple oxidation numbers
multiple oxidation numbers
Period/Series
Period/Series
Horizontal rows
Share the same number
of energy levels
Elements do not share
as much in common
horizontally as they do
vertically
Groups/Families
Groups/Families
Vertical columns
They have similar
properties
("A" families only!)
Same # of valence
electrons (roman
numerals at the top)
“A” Groups/Families
Electron configuration ends in
"s" or "p" sublevel
IA:
Alkali Metals
Most active metals
Stored under oil, reacts w/water
1+ oxidation number
1 valence electron
All solids
IIA:
Alkaline Earth Metals
Less reactive than IA
2+ oxidation number
2 valence electrons
All solids
VIIA:
Halogens
Most active nonmetals
1- oxidation number
7 valence electrons
All 3 states of matter represented
VIIIA:
Noble Gases
Relatively inactive / inert
0 oxidation number
8 valence electrons, except for He (2)
All gases
Hydrogen
Unique element, most abundant in the
universe (75%)
Gaseous nonmetal among solid metals
1+ oxidation number
1 valence electron
“B” Groups/Families
Electron configuration ends in
"d" or "f" sublevel
Transition Metals
Transition metals are d-block elements
More stable than other metals, with higher
melting & boiling points
Oxidation numbers vary
Inner-Transition Metals
Inner transition metals are f block elements
Lanthanide series is the top row (begins with Lanthanum)
Actinide series is the bottom row (begins with Actinum)
Most are rare, man-made, or radioactive
Oxidation numbers vary