Transcript Module 4: Data Presentation and Interpretation

Module 4: Data presentation &
interpretation
Module 4: Learning objectives
 Understand different ways to best summarize
data
 Choose the right table/graph for the right data
 Interpret data to consider the programmatic
relevance
Summarizing data
 Tables
 Simplest way to summarize data
 Data are presented as absolute numbers or
percentages
 Charts and graphs
 Visual representation of data
 Data are presented as absolute numbers or
percentages
Basic guidance when
summarizing data
 Ensure graphic has a title
 Label the components of your graphic
 Indicate source of data with date
 Provide number of observations (n = xx) as a
reference point
 Add footnote if more information is needed
Tables: Frequency distribution
Set of categories with numerical counts
Number of Births in Ouallam, Niger, 1900–1902
Year
Number of births
1900
61
1901
58
1902
75
Data source: Pagano, M. Vital Events Survey in Northern Niger.
Studies in Demographics, 1993. Vol. 27, pp. 32–37.
Tables: Relative frequency
number of values within an interval
total number of values in the table
Year
x 100
# births (n)
Relative frequency (%)
1900–1909
35
27
1910–1919
46
34
1920–1929
51
39
Total
132
100.0
Tables
Percentage of births by decade between 1900 and 1929
Year
Number of births
(n)
Relative frequency
(%)
1900–1909
35
27
1910–1919
46
34
1920–1929
51
39
Total
132
100.0
Source: U.S. Census data; 1900-1929.
Charts and graphs
 Charts and graphs are used to portray:
 Trends, relationships, and comparisons
 The most informative are simple and selfexplanatory
Use the right type of graphic
 Charts and graphs
 Bar charts: comparisons, categories of data
 Line graphs: display trends over time
 Pie charts: show percentages or proportional
share
Bar chart
Comparing categories
6
5
4
Site 1
3
Site 2
Site 3
2
1
0
Quarter 1
Quarter 2
Quarter 3
Quarter 4
% of new enrollees tested for
HIV
Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each
site, by quarter
6
5
4
3
2
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
1
0
Quarter 1
Q1 Jan-Mar
Q2 Quarter
Apr-June 2
3
Q3Quarter
July-Sept
Quarter
4
Q4
Oct-Dec
Months
Data Source: Program records, AIDSRelief, January 2009 – December 2009.rce:
Quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008
Has the program met its goal?
% of new enrollees tested
for HIV
Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site, by
quarter
60%
50%
40%
30%
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
20%
10%
Target
0%
Quarter 1
Quarter 2
Quarter 3
Quarter 4
Data Source - Program records, AIDS Relief January 2009 – December 2009rce:
Quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008
Stacked bar chart
Represents components of whole & compares
wholes
Number of Months Female and Male Patients Have Been
Enrolled in HIV Care, by Age Group
Females
4
Males
10
3
0-14 years
6
15+ years
0
5
10
15
Number of months patients have been enrolled in HIV care
Data source: AIDSRelief program records January 2009 - 20011
Line graph
Displays trends over time
Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1–4*
6
Number of clinicians
5
4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
Clinic 3
2
1
0
Year 1
*Includes doctors and nurses
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Line graph
Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1–4*
6
Number of clinicians
5
4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
Clinic 3
2
1
0
Y1 1995
1
Year
Y2Year
19962
Y3Year
19973
Zambia Service Provision Assessment, 2007.
*Includes doctors and nurses
Y4
1998
4
Year
Pie chart
Contribution to the total = 100%
Percentage of All Patients Enrolled by Quarter
8%
10%
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
23%
N=150
3rd Qtr
59%
4th Qtr
Interpreting data
Interpreting data
 Adding meaning to information by making
connections and comparisons and by exploring
causes and consequences
Relevance
of finding
Reasons
for finding
Consider
other data
Conduct
further
research
Interpretation – relevance of finding
 Adding meaning to information by making
connections and comparisons and by exploring
causes and consequences
Relevance
of finding
Reasons
for finding
Consider
other data
Conduct
further
research
Interpretation – relevance of finding
 Does the indicator meet the target?
 How far from the target is it?
 How does it compare (to other time periods,
other facilities)?
 Are there any extreme highs and lows in the
data?
Interpretation – Possible causes?
• Supplement with expert opinion
• Others with knowledge of the program or target
population
Relevance
of finding
Reasons
for finding
Consider
other data
Conduct
further
research
Interpretation – Consider other data
Use routine service data to clarify questions
- Calculate nurse-to-client ratio, review
commodities data against client load, etc.
Use other data sources
Relevance
of finding
Reasons
for finding
Consider
other data
Conduct
further
research
Interpretation – Other data
sources
 Situation analyses
 Demographic and health surveys
 Surveillance data
 Performance improvement data
Relevance
of finding
Reasons
for finding
Consider
other data
Conduct
further
research
Interpretation – conduct further
research
 Data gap
conduct further research
 Methodology depends on questions being asked
and resources available
Relevance
of finding
Reasons
for finding
Consider
other data
Conduct
further
research
Key messages
 Use the right graph for the right data
 Tables – can display a large amount of data
 Graphs/charts – visual, easier to detect patterns
 Label the components of your graphic
 Interpreting data adds meaning by making
connections and comparisons to program
 Service data are good at tracking progress &
identifying concerns – do not show causality
Group Work 2: Calculating
coverage and efficiency
Learning objectives
 Use basic statistics to measure coverage and
efficiency
 Develop graphs that display performance
measures (utilization, trends)
 Interpret performance measures for
programmatic decision making
Small group activity
 Form groups of 4–6
 Each group reviews 2 worksheets from Excel file
and answers the questions (1 hour 45 min)
 Each group presents 2 findings from each
worksheet, focusing on the programmatic
relevance of the findings (10 min per group)
 Audience provides feedback on analysis and
interpretation (notes errors, additional
interpretations) (10 min per group)
Group Work 2: Report back
 Each group will have 10 minutes to present its
completed Framework
 Group discussion – Are there other data sources
that might have been used in this decision? Were
there other stakeholders that should have been
considered? (10 min)