Transcript Week 8 Lecture 2 The Gaze

Dreamworlds 3 (2007) –maybe
at end
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•
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*Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6LHg_OFFRY
*Part 2 Constructing Femininity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBTu7cQ_R34
*Part 3 Pornographic Imagination
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elrenG9bP-k
– Not a critique of sexual images – whose story is being told?
•
*Part 4 Ways of Looking
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KZty9LeAxE&NR=1
– “We all present ourselves to be watched…we all watch attractive strangers. The
problem in the culture is that women are presented as nothing else.”
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Part 5 Female Artists Trapped in the Pornographic Gaze:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHJrbaTTpvI&feature=related
Part 6 Masculinity and Control:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXPXeJtuxBc&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Part 7: Conclusion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xn7Yu4jzWZM&feature=related
– Women in the real world attacked vs. women in the dreamworld are actresses.
Week 8 Lecture 2: Gender
and Media
The Gaze &
Media and Male Identity
• (Continue) understanding media through
the framework of gender.
• Today we focus on the idea of “the gaze”
and also
• How is masculinity constructed through
the media?
The Gaze aka The Look
• Terminology originally from film studies.
• Now applied throughout Media Studies.
• Refers to TWO concepts.
– 1. How the audience looks at a media text.
– 2. How people within a media text look at
eachother.
Who looks at who?
• When you were small did you ever think that the person on
TV could see you?
• “a genuine exchange of gazes through the textual frame is
of course not possible - the viewer can look at those
depicted in the text and cannot be seen by them - giving
the viewing of all mass media texts and ‘realistic’ figurative
art a voyeuristic aspect.”
• Voyeurism refers to watching someone without them
knowing you are watching…
Daniel Chandler. Nates on the Gaze.
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze02.html. Accessed 27
Who looks at who – types of
gaze?
• “the spectator’s gaze: the gaze of the viewer at an image of a
person (or animal, or object) in the text;
• the intra-diegetic gaze: a gaze of one depicted person at
another (or at an animal or an object) within the world of the
text (typically depicted in filmic and televisual media by a
subjective ‘point-of-view shot’);
• the direct [or extra-diegetic] address to the viewer: the gaze
of a person (or quasi-human being) depicted in the text
looking ‘out of the frame’ as if at the viewer, with associated
gestures and postures (in some genres, direct address is
studiously avoided);
• the look of the camera - the way that the camera itself
appears to look at the people (or animals or objects)
depicted; less metaphorically, the gaze of the film-maker or
photographer.”
Daniel Chandler. Nates on the Gaze.
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze02.html. Accessed 27
Spectators Gaze
Intra-Diagetic Gaze
• Diagetic just means “within the film
world”
Extra-diagetic gaze
• Is the same as “direct address”…
Direct Address
• a gaze of direct
address which
represents a demand for
the viewer (as
the object of the look) to
enter into a parasocial
relationship with the
depicted person
• It is as if she is talking to
us!
(Kress & van Leeuwen
1996, 122ff)
Daniel Chandler. Nates on the Gaze.
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze02.html. Accessed 27
Indirect Address
• an indirect address which …viewer is an
invisible onlooker and the depicted
person is the object of the look …act as if
they do not know (as in feature films,
television drama and television
interviews);
• Since other examples will be from fiction,
here is an example of indirect address in a
television news interview…look where
Eminem and the journalist are looking…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POCDy
EWz2GI
Daniel Chandler. Nates on the Gaze.
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze02.html. Accessed 27
Gaze in Advertising
• In the 1970s, Trevor Millum examined the female
gaze in advertising and identified 6 conventions
–
–
–
–
–
attention directed towards other people;
attention directed to an object;
attention directed to oneself;
attention directed to the reader/camera;
attention directed into middle distance, as in a state
of reverie;
• direction or object of attention not discernible.
(Millum 1975, 96, 115, 139)
Daniel Chandler. Notes on the Gaze.
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze02.html. Accessed 27
…at other people…
At the object being advertised…
…to oneself…
…at the reader/camera…
…into the distance…
Social Codes of Looking –
Looking in Real Life
• John Berger’s Ways of Seeing
• Since 17C paintings, women begin to be depicted in
a specific way, as “being aware of a male spectator.”
• – Men Act, Women Appear:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u72AIab-Gdc
• (WATCH * Just first four minutes.)
• Is this fair?
• Don’t men also “have an image of themselves” in
their minds?
• Isn’t that more a product of our society than gender?
Daniel Chandler. Notes on the Gaze.
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze02.html. Accessed 27
Mulvey - The Male Gaze
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Famous article in Film Theory called
“Visual Pleasure in Narrative Cinema.”
'Film has been called an instrument of
the male gaze, producing
representations of women, the good
life, and sexual fantasy from a male
point of view'
Mulvey’s article uses Freudian theory
to argue that:
“The cinema satisfies a primordial
wish for pleasurable looking…”
“The spectator identifies with the male
protagonist…so that the power of the
male protagonist as he controls
events…gives a sense of
omnipotence.”
Daniel Chandler. Notes on the Gaze.
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze02.html. Accessed 27
Mulvey
• Scopophilia: The pleasure of looking.
• Objectification: Mulvey writes that the
“woman is image, and the man is the
bearer of the look.” The male gaze turns
the woman into an object, this is
objectification.
• Identification: even female viewers, in
Mulvey’s formulation, cannot escape –
they identify with the woman character on
screen, imagining being watched.
• A little simplistic?
Who is the imagined audience?
Sports Illustrated (2001)
Masculinity
In Disney Films
•
•
•
We spent time looking at how gender is constructed in music videos….
…but what about kid’s genres…
Masculinity in Disney Films *START FROM 40 SECONDS IN:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CWMCt35oFY
Masculinity in Sports Media
Pain
• Athletes who are
• NHL – “Playing
injured and
Through the Pain”
continue playing
http://www.youtu
are portrayed
be.com/watch?v=
positively: “Playing
JBfadHi-qyw
through the pain”
for the betterment
of the team.
Violence and Aggression
• Violent moments are replayed and are
considered the most interesting moments.
Masculinity in Advertising
• (This is not a real
ad).
Masculinity in Advertising
• Dove (again) using criticising other
advertisements as their own ad strategy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=
player_embedded&v=IuexzKkMIDc
In Judd Apatow Movies…
• We’ve looked at aggression, strength, manliness.
• But what about the dopey, “stoner” stereotype.
• Some argue that the characters in Judd Apatow
films are a reaction to a “crisis of masculinity.”
• Women are shown as competent decision
makers whereas men are shown as
superficial, with basic urges and behaving
like perpetual teenagers.
• Is this fair?
Adapted from an essay on racialicious.com “Judd Apatow and the art of
White Male Masculinity.” http://www.racialicious.com/2008/08/22/juddapatow-and-the-art-of-white-masculinity/
The “Dumb
Guy”
Stereotype
The “Dumb
Guy”
Stereotype
• For example “Toilet Seat” from Knocked Up
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4L6c6WlaE
• “Too Dumb to Cook Pizza”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5fg1ajF
Gao&feature=player_embedded
• Sony Cyber-Shot
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W01KGY
mbk4o&feature=player_embedded
• Dumb and Crash Cars (opposite of the
Goodyear Tire ad from 1976 we saw last
time!)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHAEeRb
npe0&feature=player_embedded
• Men = Like Animals
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhsZr7N2
mPs&feature=related
Now that we’ve looked at how men
and women are represented in
various media, I wanted to look at
a final example from London right
now.
French Connection
• Playing with masculinity but not with femininity?
French Connection
You Are Man? Pole:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fnABsvz2g&feature=player_embedded
You are Woman? She is knowing we are looking
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4LZ7BKtgw&feature=relmfu
Break…and we will come back
to A1…(or finish documentary).
Activity?
• 4 Groups
– 1 Group: Find an ad or music video media
example that reinforces stereotypes about
men.
– 2 Group: Find an ad or music video example
that reinforces stereotypes about women.
– 3 Group: Find an an ad or music video
example that contradicts or plays with
stereotypes about men.
– 4 Group: Find an ad or music video example
that contradicts or plays with stereotypes
about women
Other Resources…
Killing Us Softly (1999)
• http://video.google.com/videoplay?doci
d=-9632437500432634#docid=1993368502337678412 (Full Show)
• Preview for Killing Us Softly 4
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTlm
ho_RovY&feature=related )
Tough Guise (1999)
• Lots of the examples in this lecture are
about women – which isn’t fair.
• Tough Guise: Violence, Media, and the
Crisis of Masculinity.
http://video.google.com/videoplay?doci
d=-9632437500432634#
• How popular culture shapes masculine
identities.