Transcript The Effects of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on a Sample Grid

The Effects of Plug-in
Electric Vehicles on a
Sample Grid
Team Members:
Jeff Eggebraaten
Brendin Johnson
Anne Mousseau
Justin Schlee
1
Overview
1) Defining the problem
2) Market Research
3) Load Analysis
4) Time of Day
5) Future Work
2
Problem Statement
The demand for plug-in electric vehicles is
increasing rapidly, which will
pose new challenges for power
utilities in terms of
understanding how this
additional load will effect their distribution grids.
Idaho Power asked EVI to perform this analysis.
3
Car Types
•Plug-in Electric Vehicles
• Run only on electricity
• Do not have another fuel source
•Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
• Run on electricity and fuel
• Gas engine can drive the wheels or act
as a generator
4
Market Research
Why is market research needed?
- To predict the future number of PHEV’s
on the road.
5
Share of New Vehicle Sales
Projected Plug-in Electric Vehicle
Market Share
Source: EPRI
Year
6
Market Research
Gathered Information
 National Numbers



National Yearly Sales (Autodata)
Projected PHEV new car sales (E.P.R.I.)
Number of cars on the road per year (D.O.T.)
 Regional Numbers


Number of cars registered in Idaho (Idaho D.M.V)
Number of cars registered in Ada county (Idaho D.M.V)
Results
 Projected number of PHEV’s in Idaho (2010–2040)
 Projected number of PHEV’s in Ada county (2010–2040)
7
Projected Number of PHEV’s
in Boise
Projected Number of PHEV’s in Boise
250000
222,439
200000
176,244
150000
130,365
100000
83,253
50000
0
2005
35,586
388
2010
6,826
2015
2020 2025
Year
2030
2035
2040
8
Conductive Charger Levels
Level 1
Convenience
Plug into common wall outlet
Level 2
Private/Public
Requires EV Supply equipment
installation
Level 3
Opportunity
Requires commercial equipment
installation
* Receptacle rating (maximum continuous current of 12 A).
** Maximum allowed by standards
1-Phase
120 V AC, 15 A* AC
1.44 kW (max)
1 Phase
208-240 V AC, 30-60A AC
14.4 kW (max)
3 Phase
208-600 V AC, 400 A AC
240 kW (max)**
Source: C.C Chan, K.T. Chau
9
Battery Size and Charge Time
10
Line Voltages before PHEV loading
Year 2010
11
Line Voltages with PHEV loading
Year 2040
12
90
80
Number of Distribution Grid Issues
with PHEV loading Year 2010 -2040
70
60
Low Voltage
50
Fuse
40
Switch
30
% Loading
After Mitigation
20
10
0
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
13
PHEV Loading Mitigation
• Added Voltage Regulators
• Re-conductored Overloaded Lines
• Added Capacitors
• Approximated Cost of $132,000
14
Line Voltages with PHEV loading
and Mitigation Year 2040
Capacitor Added
Re conductor
2 Voltage Regulators
15
Time of Day Charging
• Customer comes home and plugs in the car (~5 pm)
• Normal utility peak (~5 pm)
• To reduce this load, shift the charge time (~10 pm)
16
Time of Day Analysis
PHEV Charging at 5PM and at 10PM
7.73%
Total Power Usage (MVA)
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
10PM PHEV Loading, 2040
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Baseline 2010 Load
5PM PHEV Loading, 2040
17
Variable Power Rates
Pros of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan:

About 5% of total power usage was shifted to off-peak
hours

Overall electricity usage was reduced by 6%

An overall positive reaction from the customers for the
incentive to use energy more efficiently
Source: Puget Sound Energy
18
Variable Power Rates
Cons of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan:

To break even customers would have needed to use more
than half their electricity during the lowest rate hours.

This was an inconvenience for some families who felt that
the time-of-day plan was incompatible with their lifestyle.
Source: Puget Sound Energy
19
Power Sellback – V2G
Electric vehicles can be used to provide power
during peak usage times
Benefits
 Peak Shaving
 Load Regulation
Challenges
 Harmonics
 Protection Tripping
 Safety
20
Future Work
 Power Quality
 Effects of Higher Charging Levels
 Transmission, Generation, and Protection
21
Conclusions
• By 2040 PHEV’s charging will increase load by 18%
• Additional load results in voltage drop
•Equipment will need to be upgraded to accommodate load
•Shifting charge time results in a 7.73% peak load reduction
• Time of day plan can incentivize a shift in charging time
22
Thanks:
Idaho Power
Marc Patterson, Mel Trammel, Mary Graesch
University of Idaho
Dr. Herbert Hess, Dr. Greg Donohoe, Dr. Joseph Law,
John Jacksha
23
Market Research Calculations
Total Cars Registered (National) (1)
New Car Sales (National) (2)
New Car Sales Percent (National)
Total Cars Registered (Idaho) (3)
Total Cars Registered (Ada County) (3)
New Car Sales Percent Estimated
Estimated New Car Sales (Idaho)
Estimated New Car Sales (Ada County)
Market Share Projections (4)
Plug-in Projections (Idaho)
Plug-in Projections (ADA County)
PHEV Totals (Idaho)
PHEV Totals (Ada)
PHEV Density (Idaho)
PHEV Density (Ada)
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
251,393,444 264,217,036 277,694,760 291,859,984 306,747,776 322,394,996 338,840,381
13,991,444 14,705,149 15,455,259 16,243,632 17,072,221 17,943,076 18,858,353
5.57%
5.57%
5.57%
5.57%
5.57%
5.57%
5.57%
1,642,530 1,726,315 1,814,374
1,906,926 2,004,198 2,106,432 2,213,882
348,949
366,748
385,456
405,118
425,784
447,503
470,330
5.57%
5.57%
5.57%
5.57%
5.57%
5.57%
5.57%
91,416
96,079
100,980
106,131
111,545
117,235
123,215
19,421
20,412
21,453
22,547
23,697
24,906
26,176
0.02
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.6
1,828
9,608
40,392
53,066
61,350
70,341
73,929
388
2041
8581
11274
13033
14944
15706
1,828
32,130
167,506
391,877
613,639
829,594 1,047,038
388
6,826
35,586
83,253
130,365
176,244
222,439
0.001
0.019
0.092
0.206
0.306
0.394
0.473
0.001
0.019
0.092
0.206
0.306
0.394
0.473
Sources
(1) D.O.T
(2) Autodata
(3) Idaho DMV
(2)EPRI Report
24
Additional Load Due to PHEVs
Projected Load from PHEV's in
Sample Grid [kW]
7,000
5,789
6,000
4,821
5,000
3,748
4,000
3,000
2,515
2,000
1,130
1,000
0
2005
14
2010
228
2015
2020 2025
Year
2030
2035
2040
25