Transcript How to work with graphs and statistics

How to work
with graphs and statistics
How to work
with graphs and statistics
• Practice with numbers
• How do you say the following numbers:
100,000 3.1
607
¾
1,000,000
14.75
400,602
1,000,000,000 65%
536,000
45/8
25.05
Numbers
• Hundreds, thousands, millions and billions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
100
250
1,000
5,400
10,650
100,000
240,000
500,000
• 1,000,000
• 1,000,000,000
a hundred
two hundred and fifty
a thousand
five thousand, four hundred
ten thousand, six hundred and fifty
a hundred thousand
two hundred and forty thousand
five hundred thousand (or half a
million)
a million
a billion
NUMBERS
• It is important to be able to say and understand
numbers in business contexts. You may need to
give or receive details over the phone or during
a face-to-face discussion. Remember to ask for
clarification and check that you have received or
have given the right numbers.
Numbers
• Pronunciation
Be careful of the difference in pronunciation
between numbers like thirteen and thirty;
nineteen and ninety etc. Misunderstandings
could cause problems.
Numbers
• The number 0
We say zero, oh or nought.
Zero can be used to talk about any kind of number:
0.25
zero point two five
Tel: 305 6670
three zero five six six seven zero
Room 702
seven zero two
You can also use nought before a decimal point and oh after it.
0.56
nought point five six
0.202
nought point two oh two
Oh is also used in telephone and fax numbers, room numbers, reference numbers and
account numbers. (See Dates)
3460928 three four six oh nine two eight
Room 6065
six oh six five
Ref number 3408
three four oh eight
Numbers
• Telephone and fax numbers
• Say each digit separately, except for 'doubles' which you can
join together.
210485
two one oh four eight five
471 661
four seven one double six one or four seven
one six six one
• We often group the digits, putting a slight pause between the
groups, as this makes it easier to say and to understand the
number.
21 34 85
two one, three four, eight five
213 485
two one three, four eight five
Note that it is not usual to say twenty-one, thirty-four, eighty-five
in English.
Numbers
• Decimals
• In British English it is usual to say each individual digit
after the decimal point. This is not the case in American
English.
• BrE
AmE
4.56 four point five six
four point fifty-six
0.175 nought point one seven five
zero point one
hundred seventy-five
Note that in English we use and say point for decimals, not
comma.
Numbers
• Dates
• There are various ways to write dates, but to avoid
confusion write the month as a word rather than a number.
• Write
Say
1 October 1999
the first of October nineteen ninety-nine
October 1, 1999
October the first, nineteen ninety-nine.
1875
eighteen seventy-five
1904
nineteen oh four or nineteen hundred
and four
2000
two thousand
2004
two thousand and four
Numbers
• 20%
• 1/2
• 3/4
• 3 1/2
• Other numbers
twenty per cent
a half
three quarters or
three fourths (AmE)
three and a half
Understanding graphs
• A pie chart is useful when you want to show how a total
amount is divided up, for example a budget, your profits,
imports and exports.
• A bar chart is effective for comparing or contrasting results
and figures from different sources or groups, for example
ownership of various consumer goods.
• A line graph is the best way of showing changes over a period
of time, for example changes in currency values, the inflation
rate, or company profits.
• A pictogram is essentially the same as a bar chart but uses
images or symbols instead of rectangular bars to show the
amounts.
Understanding graphs
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Scatter Diagrams
What it is used For
To identify relationships between two process
variables.
When to use it
When the team thinks that one variable is
dependent on another.
To confirm that two variables have a
relationship.
Understanding graphs
• Scatter diagram
Understanding graphs
Understanding graphs
Presenting Information as a graph
• When you want to present statistical
information in graph form, it is important to
choose the appropriate type of graph for the
information you are presenting.
How to work
with graphs and statistics
• Graphs present information in a different way to
written analyses and tables of figures.
• GRAPHS
• are easy to understand at a glance
• are more visually interesting
• can illustrate trends and patterns clearly and
concisely
• can be presented in colour to highlight important
differences or similarities.
Tables and appropriate types of graph
The most admired companies in 1999
Here a bar chart is suggested
RANK
LAST YEAR
COMPANY
SCORE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
7
1
17
6
24
2
/
10
4
Coca Cola
Procter&Gamble
Rubbermaid
Johnson & Johnson
Intel
Merck
Microsoft
Mirage Resorts
Hewlatt Packard
Motorola
8.70
8.55
8.35
8.32
8.30
8.26
8.23
8.23
8.19
8.19
Tables and appropriate type of graph
Fidelity Investments –ownership of the company.
Here a pie chart is suggested
Non-family
51%
Johnson Family Group
49.0%
Abbot Johnson
24.5%
Ned Johnson
12.0%
3 family members and associates
12.5%
50 executives (including fund managers
and marketing executives)
51.0%
Tables and appropriate type of graph
Investment Bankers in 2000
Here a bar chart is suggested
RANK
ADVISER
VALUE of DEALS
NUMBER of DEALS
1
Morgan Stanley
45,744
31
2
J.P.Morgan
40,325
33
3
Baring Brothers
36,549
33
4
Goldman Sachs
29,785
39
5
Lazard Houses
29,401
46
6
SBC Wartburg
27,303
93
Tables and appropriate types of graph
Brands - % of total marketing spending
Here a line graph is suggested
YEAR
MEDIA
PROMOTION
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
55%
55%
52%
53%
54%
55.5%
56%
45%
45.5%
47%
46.5%
45%
44.5%
44%
Describing Trends
• When you are talking about trends using
graphs and statistics, it is important to be able
to describe different types of change and
different degrees of change
Describing Trends
UP
DOWN
RISE
INCREASE
SHOOT UP
ROCKET
GROW
GO UP
SOAR
FALL
DECREASE
PLUMMET
DECLINE
DROP
SLUMP
COLLAPSE
GO DOWN
Describing Trends
• Fluctuate
• Stabilise
These two verbs do not belong to the verbs
indicating an up or down trend.
Describing Trends
GRADUAL
RISE
INCREASE
GO UP
GROW
UP
RAPID/SUDDEN
SOAR
ROCKET
SHOOT UP
UP
Describing Trends
GRADUAL
DOWN
RAPID/SUDDEN DOWN
FALL
PLUMMET
DECREASE
DROP
SLUMP
COLLAPSE
GO DOWN
DECLINE
Describing Trends
Appropriate adverbs
GRADUAL
RAPID/SUDDEN
STEADILY
STEEPLY
SLIGHTLY
SHARPLY
SLOWLY
DRAMATICALLY
CONSISTENTLY
RAPIDLY
GRADUALLY
PRACTICE
Imagine you are the Sales Manager of LochGlen
plc, a Scottish conpany which produces various
brands of whisky. Use the information in the
following tables to prepare a short presentation
about the company, covering trends in:
• UK sales
• Market share at home and abroad
• Brand profitability
UK sales in £000s
1999
2000
LOCHGLEN
50 000
52 000
LOCHKEDDIE
45 000
49 000
MACDINGLE
36 000
43 000
ROYAL SCOT
47 000
46 000
TOTAL SALES
183 000
190 000
MARKET SHARE (%)
EUROPE
NORTH AMERICA
JAPAN
1995
9
10
2
1996
9.5
11
2.5
1997
10
12
5
1998
10.25
15
6
1999
11
14.5
6.6
2000
10.5
14
7
PROFITS ON SALE OF TWO UK BRANDS
(£ MILLION STERLING)
1995
OLD MALT
GLEN
CLASSIC
3
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
1.2
1.5
2
2.3
2.5
3.2
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.6
SUGGESTED ANSWER
• Sales have gone up for most brands between 1999 and
2000 in the UK, with a slight drop for Royal Scot.
LochKeddie has steadily increased its market share and
the sales of MacDingle have soared.
• The trend for the first half of the ‘90s is an overall
increase in the market share of these products all over
the world, particularly in Japan, where the market
share has grown sharply.
• Old Malt brand has doubled its profitability, whereas
Glen Classic has slightly decreased over the last five
years.