Transcript MidtermReview

Global I
Midterm Review
PREHISTORY
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The period before writing
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ARTIFACT:
 Objects made by people
ARCHEOLOGY
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Study of the ways of life of early peoples by
examining their physical remains
GEOGRAPHY
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The study of people, their environments,
and the resources available to them
TECHNOLOGY
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The skills and tools people use to meet their
basic needs
ETHNOCENTRISM
The belief that one culture is better than
another
 Chinese “Middle Kingdom”
 Greeks viewed non-Greeks as barbarians
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The Paleolithic Age
Nomads
 Traveled in small clans
 Small population
 Depended on their environment for
survival
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The Neolithic Age
Farming
 Establishment of villages
 Domesticated animals
 New technology
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The Agricultural Revolution
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The introduction of
farming
The end of nomadic
life
Rise of permanent
settlements (villages)
and governments
Increase in population
What are the 8 features of
civilization
System of writing
 Different jobs
 Central government
 Organized religion
 Social classes
 Art & Architecture
 Cities
 Roads, buildings
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What is cultural diffusion?
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The spread of ideas,
customs &
technologies from one
people to another
Example- the use of
Greek columns and
arches in Roman
architecture
The First Civilizations
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Developed along river
valleys
River valleys provided
fertile land and
irrigation for farming
and transportation of
people & goods
Egypt, Mesopotamia,
India, China
The Nile River
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Provided a trade route
Linked upper & lower
Egypt
Many villages & cities
developed along the
banks of the Nile
Provided fertile land
for farming
SILT
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Fertile soil along river
banks
PAPYRUS
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Plant used to make a
paper-like writing
material
PHARAOH
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Egyptian rulers
HIEROGLYPHICS
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Egyptian form of
picture writing
Achievements of the Egyptians
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Pyramid building
Mummification
Egyptian Afterlife
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Pharaohs were buried
in pyramids with their
belongings, so they
would be prepared for
the afterlife
CUNEIFORM
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Wedge-shaped writing
of the Sumerians
Geography of Mesopotamia
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The “Fertile Crescent”
Located between the
Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers
Fertile land for farming
Lacks geographic
barriers
Easily invaded
Achievements of Mesopotamian
Civilizations
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Sumerians: cuneiform,
Epic of Gilgamesh
Hittites: iron-making
Babylonians:
Hammurabi’s Code
The Code of Hammurabi
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First written code of
laws
“An eye for an eye…”
Punishments based on
a person’s social class
Major Beliefs of Judaism
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Belief in one God
(Monotheism)
10 Commandments
Covenant with God
LOESS
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DYNASTIC CYCLE
Yellow soil deposited
on the banks of the
Huang He River
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The rise and fall of
Chinese dynasties
(ruling families)
CALLIGRAPHY
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Fine handwriting
MANDATE OF HEAVEN
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Divine right to rule
YIN & YANG
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Forces that keep
nature in balance
Light/dark
Male/female
Good/evil
CONFUCIUS
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Chinese philosopher
Taught that harmony
in society is achieved
when people accept
their place in society
Relationships consist
of a “superior” and an
“inferior”
THE GREAT WALL OF
CHINA
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Built under Shi
Huangdi (Qin
Dynasty)
Separated Chinese
civilization from
barbarian world
SILK ROAD
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Trade route
Connected China to
Fertile Crescent
Long, hard journey
Geography of China
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Diverse geography
Rivers: Huang He,
Yangtze
Mountains & Gobi Desert
Isolated China from
outside world
Barriers from invaders
Developed unique culture
Role of Women in China
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“Inferior” position
Must obey the
“superior” such as
husband, father
Should stay in the
background
Care for home and
family
Chinese Achievements
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Silk-making
Civil-service exams
Written language
Chinese Philosophies
Confucianism
Daoism
People are good, Oneness with
society based on nature
relationships
Legalism
People are evil,
harsh laws
needed
Geography of India
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Diverse geography
Mountains: Hindu
Kush, Himalaya
Rivers: Ganges, Indus
Difficult to unify
Protection from
invaders
CASTE SYSTEM
Social classes people are born into
 There is NO SOCIAL MOBILITY
 Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras,
Pariah
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DHARMA
KARMA
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The religious & moral
duties of a person
depending on a
person’s class
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All the actions of a
person's life that
affects his/her fate in
the next life
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If you have good
dharma, you will…
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…have good karma!
ATMAN
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The essential self
AHISMA
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Belief in non-violence
REINCARNATION
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Process of rebirth
NIRVANA
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Buddhist belief
Eternal happiness
When the endless
cycle of re-birth ends
Can be achieved by
anyone
Hinduism
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Dharma
Karma
Atman
Reincarnation
Buddhism
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Founder: Siddhartha
Guatama
Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path
Evolution of Greek Government
Monarchy: one ruler with complete
authority
 Aristocracy: Power in the hands of a few
from the wealthy class
 Oligarchy: Power in the hands of a few
from the business class
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Democracy in Greece
Limited Democracy:
Participation in
government is limited
to certain groups, such
as male citizens over
30 or
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Direct Democracy:
People participate
directly in the
government, NOT
through elected
officials
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Geography of Greece
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Difficult to unify
Made up of many
islands, rugged
mountains and valleys
Good traders
ATHENS & SPARTA
ATHENS
GOVERNMENT
TRADE
EDUCATION
Democracy
Yes
SPARTA
Military Oligarchy
No
Mind, body & soul Military & athletics
BOYS
Educated, right to
vote
Military training
from age 7
GIRLS
Limited rights
Athletics, own
property
Greek Achievements
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Democracy
Art & Architecture
(realistic sculptures,
columns)
Drama (comedy &
tragedy)
Literature (Homer’s
epics)
Greek Philosophers
SOCRATES
PLATO
Socratic method Human reason
of questioning
ARISTOTLE
Set up the
Lyceum
PAX ROMANA REPUBLIC
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200 years of Roman
peace
Begins with Augustus
Ends with Marcus
Aurelius
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A form of government
in which the people
participate in
government through
elected officials
PLEBEIAN
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Middle class
Merchants, farmers,
artisans
Represented in
government by
TRIBUNES
PATRICIAN
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Upper class
Geography of Rome
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Easy to unify
Peninsula located on
the Mediterranean Sea
Good location for
trade and to conquer
much of the
Mediterranean world
(North Africa, Asia
Minor, Spain)
Reasons for the Fall of Rome
Political
Corrupt
officials
Social
Economic
People rely High taxes
too heavily
on the
government
(Bread &
Circuses)
Military
Too
dependent
on
mercenaries
who have
little loyalty
Roman Achievements
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Legal System (Rule of
Law and Justice)
Adapt to Greek art &
architecture to make it
bigger and grander
(Coliseum)
Engineering (roads &
aqueducts)
GOOD LUCK!!
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Use this to review!
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