Transcript MESOPOTAMIA notes

Mesopotamia
The Worlds First Civilization
What is a civilization?
Civilizations (SIH•vuh•luh•ZAY•
shuhns) are complex societies. They
have cities, organized governments,
art, religion, class divisions, and a
writing system.
Why were river valleys important?
Farming - large amounts of people
could be fed
Trade - goods and ideas to move from
place to place.
Cities - grow up in these valleys and
became the centers of civilizations.
Mesopotamia
The land between two rivers.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was
the worlds first
civilization.
The two rivers that
allowed
Mesopotamia to
succeed were the
Tigris and
Euphrates.
Mesopotamia - The Land
Between Two Rivers
Mesopotamia was a place where many cities
began to grow. As its name suggests,
Mesopotamia was located between two rivers.
The two rivers were the Tigris River and the
Euphrates River.
Mesopotamia was located in the MODERN
REGION of the Middle East, and surrounded by
desert. People came to Mesopotamia because
the soil between the two rivers was very fertile.
Tigris River
Current times
Euphrates River – current times
Mesopotamia was part of a larger region called the
Fertile Crescent. This area, that stretched from the
eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea down to the
Persian Gulf, had fertile soil and was where many
The fertile crescent
In the spring, the rivers
often flooded, leaving
behind rich soil for
farming. The problem
was that the flooding
was very unpredictable.
It might flood one year,
but not the next. Every
year, farmers worried
about their crops.
Irrigation
Over time, the farmers learned to build
dams and channels to control the
seasonal floods. They also built walls,
waterways, and ditches to bring water
to their fields. This way of watering
crops is called irrigation. Irrigation
allowed the farmers to grow plenty of
food and support a large population.
City-States Formed Along the Rivers
Many city-states
formed along the
Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers in
Mesopotamia. They
each had their own
form of government,
and the people
worshipped different
gods and goddesses.
Each had their own
kings. The region
where the two rivers
Sumer
The first major civilization in Mesopotamia
was in a region called Sumer.
Food in Sumer
The Sumerians grew several kinds of
crops. The most valuable one was barley,
which was used to make flour and bread.
Dates were also very valuable to the
Sumerians. They were eaten once ripe or
else they were dried for future
consumption. Dates also made an
excellent wine.
Barley and dates
City-states
Each Sumerian city and the land
around it became a separate city-state.
Each city-state had its own
government and was not part of any
larger unit.
Social Classes in Sumer
Upper class - kings, priests, warriors,
and government officials.
Middle class - artisans, merchants,
farmers, and fishers. These people
made up the largest group.
Lower class - enslaved people who
worked on farms or in the temples.
Writing
The most
important
invention of the
Sumerians was
writing.
The writing of the
Sumerians was
called cuneiform.
Cuneiform alphabet
TheEpic of Gilgamesh
The most famous piece of literature from
Sumer is the Epic of Gilgamesh.
An epic is a long poem that tells the story
of a hero. The hero Gilgamesh is a king
who travels around the world with a
friend and performs great deeds. When
his friend dies, Gilgamesh searches for a
way to live forever.
Sumerian Inventions
wagon wheel
plow
sailboat
number system based on 60
geometry
12 month calendar
wagon wheel
plow
sailboat
Sargon
In about 2340 B.C., Sargon
conquered all of
Mesopotamia creating the
world’s first empire.
An empire is a group of
many different lands under
one ruler. Sargon’s empire
lasted for more than 200
years before falling to
invaders.
Babylonians
Hammurabi’s
Code of
Law
Hammurabi’s Code
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History’s first known
written laws
300 laws
An “eye for an eye”
Punishments varied
according to social
status.
Hammurabi
Hammurabi is best known for his law code,
or collection of laws.
Law 5: If a judge makes an error through his
own fault when trying a case, he must pay a
fine, be removed from the judge’s bench,
and never judge another case.
Law 195: If a son strikes his father, the
son’s hands shall be cut off.
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Examples of Hammurabi’s
Code
If a builder builds a
house for some
one, and does not
construct it
properly, and the
house which he
built falls and kills
it’s owner, then that
builder shall be put
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If a son
strikes his
father,
they shall
cut off his
hand