Transcript Cities and Civilizations

PERIOD 1
Ancient Period
8000 BCE
to 600 BCE
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization
(self-knowledge,
fulfillment of
personal potential)
Esteem
(autonomy, achievement, recognition)
Social
(belonging, affection)
Safety
(security, protection from harm)
Physiological
(Hunger, thirst, shelter)
Paleolithic to Neolithic
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Paleolithic Age
Humans had spread around globe
 Humans were hunter-gatherers
 Life style could not support large numbers
 Man makes tools of stone, bone
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Began around 9,000 BCE
Rise of agriculture
 Culture becomes increasingly complex
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RISE OF NEOLITHIC
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Areas where Neolithic cultures arose
Harsh environments
 Water shortages
 Few reliable sources of foodstuffs
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Causes of the Neolithic Revolution
Development, spread of agriculture
 Domestication of animals
 Improvement of technology
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We begin at about 8,000 BC
when village life began in
the New Stone Age. . . Also
known as the
Neolithic Revolution.
NEW STONE AGE
A TOTALLY new way of living:
From
Hunter-Gatherers
to Agriculture
ASPECTS OF NEOLITHIC AGE
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Effects of Neolithic Age
Sedentary culture develops
 Surplus of food leads to increased
populations
 Rise of differentiated occupations
 Complex cultures
 Gender relations change
 Humans begin to change environment
 Communicable diseases become common
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PALEOLITHIC vs. NEOLITHIC
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Many resist sedentarism
Pastoralists
 Hunter-Gatherers survive until 20th century
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Development uneven across regions
Change often slow
Indigenous development vs. diffusion
INVENTION OF AGRICULTURE
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Mesopotamians first to engage in
agriculture
 Around
8000 BC
 Cereal crops
 Wheat
 Barley
 Herd
animals
 Sheep
 Goats
Human/Environmental interaction
Tools and weapons
 Social and political
organization
 Homes
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Lake houses in Switzerland
Long houses along Danube
Stone huts in Britain
Reed lean-tos in Egypt
Clay brick huts in Middle East
Broad language
groups appeared
POSSESSIONS

Needs of
agriculture and
stability
Clay pottery
 Woven baskets
 Woolen and linen
clothing
 Sophisticated tools
and weapons
 Plow
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RESULTS OF AGRICULTURE
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Required
intensification of
group organization
 Neolithic
farmers
lived in settlements
 Ranged
from 150
(Jarmo) to 2000
(Jericho)
OUTSIDE CONTACTS
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Neolithic communities had links
Walls indicate some fearful
 Others were more peaceful
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Jericho
Origins and Spread of
Agriculture
What does it mean to be civilized?
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18th Century European
Civilized vs. primitive
 White vs. everyone else
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Historians have determined 6
characteristics of civilization:
 Cities
 Organized
central governments
 Complex religions
 Social classes
 Job specialization and the arts
 Writing
CIVILIZATION’S 1ST PHASE
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Civilizations arose in few areas, spread out
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Often arose around control of water
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Called “hydraulic” (Hydro = water) civilizations
Irrigation, flood control at center of power,
changes
Ancient period lasts generally to 1000 BCE
UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION
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Civilization was not simply next
inevitable step from Neolithic Age
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Many peoples remained at simple foodraising stage for thousands of years—
without developing any sort of civilization
Only four locations developed
civilizations entirely on their own
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China
Indus River Valley
Mesopotamia/Egypt
Central America and Peru
Ancient River
Valley
Civilizations
Early River Valley Civilizations
Environment
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indus River
Valley
China
Mesoamerica
& Andes
• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
• No natural barriers
• Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings
• Flooding of the Nile predictable
• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages
• Deserts were natural barriers
• Indus flooding unpredictable
• Monsoon winds
• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers
• Huang He flooding unpredictable
• Mountains, deserts natural barriers
• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
• Mountains and ocean natural barriers
• Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall
• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
THE CULTURE OF CIVILIZATION
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Permanent Institutions
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Religious: Theocracies, priesthoods, polytheism
Political: Monarchy, aristocracy, militaries
Social: Rise of classes
Gender: Patriarchy
Trade and Commerce
Systems of Record Keeping
Intellectual Traditions
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Arts, Architecture
Literatures
WIDER CONTACTS
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Each civilization had particular patterns
Effects of Geography
Either facilitated, hindered communication
 Strengthened, weakened local culture
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Contacts
War, Trade, Diseases
 Nomads
 Migration
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Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent
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Sumer – The
Earliest of the River
Valley Civilizations
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Sumerian
Civilization grew up
along the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers in
what is now Kuwait.
Sumerians
invented:
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Cuneiform
Wheel
Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees
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Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a
minute
12 month lunar calendar
Brick technology
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arch
ramp
ziggurat
Babylon
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First know written law code
 “Rule of Law”
Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC
Code of Hammurabi
8.
If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it
belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold for them; if
they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief
has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.
22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put
to death.
25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out
cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the
property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that selfsame fire.
129. If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied
and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the
king his slaves.
137. If a man wish to separate from his wife who has borne him children:
then he shall give that wife her dowry, and a part of the fruit of the field,
garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has
brought up her children, a portion of all that is given to the children, equal
as that of one son, shall be given to her. She may then marry the man of
her heart.
EGYPT
“The Gift of the Nile”
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Hieroglyphics
Pyramids
Geometry
Advances in medicine and
surgery
Nile
River
Sahara
Desert
Indus River Valley
2500 BC – 1500 BC
Harappan culture
 Well planned cities
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Grid pattern
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Modern plumbing
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Built on mud brick platforms
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Larger cities
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Protected against seasonal floods
Houses built of baked brick
Smaller towns
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Houses built of sun-dried mud brick
Aryan Migration
 pastoral  depended on their cattle
 warriors  horse-drawn chariots
Shang China
1600 BC – 1027 BC
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Yellow River Valley
Advanced culture
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Religion
Astronomy
Calendar
Medicine
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Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts
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Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in:
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Strong sense of identity
Superiority
Center of earth
Sole source of civilization
Zhou China
1122 BC – 256 BC
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Bronze, jade, silver, gold
Mandate of Heaven
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Veneration of ancestors
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Power to rule came from heaven
Power could be removed if ruler
not just
All must honor family responsibilities
Period ended with
Era of Warring States
Mesoamerica and
Andean South America
2900 BC – 1400 BC
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Mesoamerica
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Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beans
Pottery
Stone bowls
Beads
Waddle and daub structures
No draft animals
Mesoamerica and
Andean South America
3500 BC – 1400 BC
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Andes
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Textiles technology
Sophisticated government
Religion
Lacked ceramics
Largely without art
Most impressive achievement was
monumental architecture
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Large platform mounds
Sunken circular plazas