Transcript Cities and Civilizations

PERIODS 1 & 2
Ancient and
Classical Periods
8000 BCE
to 600 CE
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization
(self-knowledge,
fulfillment of
personal potential)
Esteem
(autonomy, achievement, recognition)
Social
(belonging, affection)
Safety
(security, protection from harm)
Physiological
(Hunger, thirst, shelter)
We begin at about 8,000 BC
when village life began in
the New Stone Age. . . Also
known as the
Neolithic Revolution.
NEW STONE AGE
A TOTALLY new way of living:
From
Hunter-Gatherers
to Agriculture
INVENTION OF AGRICULTURE

Mesopotamians first to engage in
agriculture
 Around
8000 BC
 Cereal crops
 Wheat
 Barley
 Herd
animals
 Sheep
 Goats
Human/Environmental interaction
Tools and weapons
 Social and political
organization
 Homes







Lake houses in Switzerland
Long houses along Danube
Stone huts in Britain
Reed lean-tos in Egypt
Clay brick huts in Middle East
Broad language
groups appeared
POSSESSIONS

Needs of
agriculture and
stability
Clay pottery
 Woven baskets
 Woolen and linen
clothing
 Sophisticated tools
and weapons
 Plow

RESULTS OF AGRICULTURE

Required
intensification of
group organization
 Neolithic
farmers
lived in settlements
 Ranged
from 150
(Jarmo) to 2000
(Jericho)
OUTSIDE CONTACTS

Neolithic communities had links
Walls indicate some fearful
 Others were more peaceful

Jericho
Origins and Spread of
Agriculture
What does it mean to be civilized?

18th Century European
Civilized vs. primitive
 White vs. everyone else


Historians have determined 6
characteristics of civilization:
 Cities
 Organized
central governments
 Complex religions
 Social classes
 Job specialization and the arts
 Writing
UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION

Civilization was not simply next
inevitable step from Neolithic Age


Many peoples remained at simple foodraising stage for thousands of years—
without developing any sort of civilization
Only four locations developed
civilizations entirely on their own




China
Indus River Valley
Mesopotamia/Egypt
Central America and Peru
Large cities
•
•
•
that dominate the countryside around them
Growing populations required more food
production
cities controlled their hinterlands in order to
guarantee a reliable and continuous supply of food
for their inhabitants.
Monumental architecture and
public building projects that take
many forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
They may include temples
Palaces
irrigation projects
city walls
public arenas
government buildings
and aqueducts.
A complex political organization …. Why did
governments develop??????
•
governments developed to
coordinate activities and provide
protection for the cities and
hinterlands.
•
The larger the area and
population, the more demanding
political positions became
WHY DID the WAY societies govern begin to
CHANGE?
•
control began to move away from
kinship ties ( although many early
rulers passed their authority down to
their sons)
•
other factors became important,
such as military prowess and ability.
•
A written language –
•important
development in human history
• allowed societies to organize and maintain the growing political,
social, and economic structure that followed settlement into
agricultural areas.
• societies that developed a written language were able to
communicate multiple ideas and large amounts of information
•encouraged greater complexity and growth.
Hammurabi’s Code
Cuneiform Writing
Specialization of labor –
•basic food needs taken care of by fewer people
•others may specialize in jobs improve the quality of lif
• EX: engineers may construct bigger/better irrigation sys
•level of government services may increase.
•
Bronze Tools
•Advanced
art and literature –
•prehistoric
times
•simple communities
•most artwork and literature was (is) produced by people
involved with activities that sustained their lives
• hunting and gathering or farming
•Art simple drawings
•literature form of oral stories passed down from one
generation to the next.
time to concentrate on art and literature
•primary occupation.
•Civilization
Long distance trade
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
technologies improved
specialization increased
trade with other civilization centers began
cultural diffusion
Cultural Diffusion: the spreading and sharing of
cultural characteristics.
pottery, tools, and textiles - shared,
culture - such as beliefs, customs, and values also spread,
contributing to the cosmopolitan nature of cities.
Mesopotamian Trade
“The Cuneiform
World”
PERIODIZATION
The Foundations time period (8000 BCE
to 600 CE) is so vast that there are
many ways to divide it into periods or
eras. However, some major breaks
within the time period are…
2) Development of the earliest civilizations (about 3500
to 1500 BCE) - Villages grew into cities that came to dominate the
land around them. Collectively known as the "river valley"
civilizations, they include:
•Mesopotamia (developed by 3500 BCE or so) - between the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East
•Egypt (developed by 3000 BCE or so) - along the Nile River in
northeastern Africa
•Indus Valley people (developed by 2500 BCE or so) - along the
Indus River in south central Asia
•Shang China (developed by 1700 BCE or so) - along several
rivers in the north China plains
Ancient River
Valley
Civilizations
Early River Valley Civilizations
Environment
Mesopotamia
Egypt
Indus River
Valley
China
Mesoamerica
& Andes
• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
• No natural barriers
• Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings
• Flooding of the Nile predictable
• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages
• Deserts were natural barriers
• Indus flooding unpredictable
• Monsoon winds
• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers
• Huang He flooding unpredictable
• Mountains, deserts natural barriers
• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
• Mountains and ocean natural barriers
• Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall
• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent

Sumer – The
Earliest of the River
Valley Civilizations

Sumerian
Civilization grew up
along the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers in
what is now Kuwait.
Sumerians
invented:



Cuneiform
Wheel
Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees



Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a
minute
12 month lunar calendar
Brick technology



arch
ramp
ziggurat
Babylon


First know written law code
 “Rule of Law”
Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC
Code of Hammurabi
8.
If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it
belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold for them; if
they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief
has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.
22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put
to death.
25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out
cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the
property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that selfsame fire.
129. If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied
and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the
king his slaves.
137. If a man wish to separate from his wife who has borne him children:
then he shall give that wife her dowry, and a part of the fruit of the field,
garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has
brought up her children, a portion of all that is given to the children, equal
as that of one son, shall be given to her. She may then marry the man of
her heart.
EGYPT
“The Gift of the Nile”




Hieroglyphics
Pyramids
Geometry
Advances in medicine and
surgery
Nile
River
Sahara
Desert
Indus River Valley
2500 BC – 1500 BC
Harappan culture
 Well planned cities


Grid pattern

Modern plumbing

Built on mud brick platforms


Larger cities


Protected against seasonal floods
Houses built of baked brick
Smaller towns

Houses built of sun-dried mud brick
Aryan Migration
 pastoral  depended on their cattle
 warriors  horse-drawn chariots
Shang China
1600 BC – 1027 BC


Yellow River Valley
Advanced culture

Religion
Astronomy
Calendar
Medicine

Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts




Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in:




Strong sense of identity
Superiority
Center of earth
Sole source of civilization
Zhou China
1122 BC – 256 BC


Bronze, jade, silver, gold
Mandate of Heaven



Veneration of ancestors


Power to rule came from heaven
Power could be removed if ruler
not just
All must honor family responsibilities
Period ended with
Era of Warring States
Mesoamerica and
Andean South America
2900 BC – 1400 BC

Mesoamerica






Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beans
Pottery
Stone bowls
Beads
Waddle and daub structures
No draft animals
Mesoamerica and
Andean South America
3500 BC – 1400 BC

Andes






Textiles technology
Sophisticated government
Religion
Lacked ceramics
Largely without art
Most impressive achievement was
monumental architecture


Large platform mounds
Sunken circular plazas
Classical
Civilizations
Classical China
Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty
 Shi
Huangdi
 Legalist rule
Bureaucratic,
centralized
control
 Military expansion
 Book burnings -->
targeted Confucianists
 Buried protestors alive!

(221-206 BCE)
Han Dynasty




(202 BCE-220 CE)
Strong, centralized bureaucracy
Extended Great Wall
Roads (including Silk Road), canals
Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BCE)
 Public
schools
 Colonized
Manchuria,
Korea, &
Vietnam
 Civil service
system
Imperial
Seal
Han
Artifacts
Chang’an:
The Han
Capital
Classical India
Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 CE)

Chandragupta
Unified northern India after
Alexander the Great withdrew
 Set up efficient bureaucracy


Asoka (grandson)
Dedicated life to Buddha
 Continued bureaucracy
 Hospitals, roads

Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)
Chandra Gupta I
Bureaucracy
Allowed local
government in south



Patriarchal
Caste system
continued
Advances


Medicine
Math (decimal, pi)
Classical Greece
Early History
(3000 BCE-750 BCE)

Minoans




Hellenes


Crete
Seafaring merchants
Sophisticated civilization
Merged with native Greeks
Dark Age
Homer
Geographic
Influence

Mountains


Insufficient farmland


Founded colonies on Mediterranean
coast
Location



Independent city-states
Peninsula in Mediterranean
Exchange of culture/trade
Deep harbors

Numerous good harbors on its
irregular coastline
City-States

Athens
 Democratic,

leading city-state
Sparta
 Aristocratic/military

Corinth
 Trading

city-state
center
United by language, culture and
fear of Persians
Alexander the Great
(336-323 BCE)
Taught by Aristotle
 Conquered Persian
Empire
 Created
Hellenistic
culture
 Died suddenly
at 33

Athenian Contributions




Theater, poetry and historical writing
Science and math
Architecture and sculpture
Philosophy

Socrates


Plato


Individual
Group
Aristotle

World
Classical Rome
Ancient Rome
(1500 BCE-500 BCE)

1500BC-Latins
crossed Alps
 Founded
Rome
 Conquered by Etruscans

New Romans
 Roads,
walls, & buildings
 Metal weapons
Republic
500-27 BCE





Social aristocracy
 Patricians
 Plebeians
Senate
Conquered Mediterranean world
 Italian Peninsula and west
 Client states
Spread Greek culture
Began to end with assassination of
Julius Caesar in 44 BCE
Empire
27 BCE-476 CE

Octavian (Augustus)


Spread Greco-Roman civilization



Law, language, historical writing
Trade, industry, science, architecture
Diocletian


Began Pax Romana
Divided Empire
Constantine


Reunited empire
Converted to Christianity
Germanic Invasion



Germans allowed to settle
Huns pushed more Germans in
476 CE—last Roman emperor
Trade Routes
of the Classical World
Items Traded
spices
gold & ivory
Classical
Mesoamerica
Maya (1800 BCE-800 BCE)





Led by ruler-priests
Only known fully developed written
language of time/area
Art, architecture
Writing, math, astronomy, calendar
Cultural diffusion across Mesoamerica
Chavin (900 BCE-200 BCE)



Pottery
Metalwork (including gold and
silver)
Religion promoted fertility



Built temples
Used hallucinogens
Trade
Why civilizations fall
 External
 War
 Natural
disaster
 Disease
 Internal
 Overpopulation
 Economic
problems
 Social
disruption
 Political
struggles
How do civilizations
collapse?






Population size and density decrease
dramatically
Society tends to become less politically
centralized
Less investment is made in things such as
architecture, art, and literature
Trade and other economic activities are
greatly diminished
The flow of information among people
slows
The ruling elites may change, but usually
the working classes tend to remain and
provide continuity
Is it possible to prevent collapse?

Every society must:
 answer basic biological needs of its members:
food, drink, shelter, and medical care.
 provide for production and distribution of goods
and services (perhaps through division of labor,
rules concerning property and trade, or ideas
about role of work).
 provide for reproduction of new members and
consider laws and issues related to reproduction
(regulation, marriageable age, number of
children, and so on).
 provide for training (education, apprenticeship,
passing on of values) of individuals so that they
can become functioning adults in society.
 provide for maintenance of internal and external
order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy). Thuman
and Bennet
 provide meaning and motivation to its members.
PERIODS 1 & 2
Ancient and
Classical Periods
8000 BCE
to 600 CE