Transcript Lamps - CLASSES

Lamps
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SOURCE
Efficacy
Lumens per watt
of a light source

The higher the lumen
efficacy, the more
efficient the source is
at producing light
GMC Sierra – 12
0
10
Candle (equivalent)
Oil Lamp (equivalent)
Edison lamp
(1879)
Carbonized bamboo (1879
Carbonized cellulose (1891)
Metalized (Gem)
(1905)
Drawn Tungsten
(1911)
60W Tungsten C.C. (1968)
Filament Lamp
(1970)
Tungsten Halogen (1980)
Stage/Studio Lamps (1980)
Cooper-Hewitt Lamp (1901)
Mercury Lamp (modern)
Fluorescent Lamp (1938)
Metal Halide Lamp
HPS Lamp
LPS Lamp
Jeep Cherokee – 24
Toyota Pyrius – 48
20
30
Miles/gallon
40
LUMEN
EFFICACY
(lumens/watts)
0.01
0.03
1.4
2.0
3.0
4.0
10.0
14.7
10 - 18
17 - 22
20 - 40
13.0
55 - 60
65 -100
85 -120
80 -140
120 -200
Honda Insight - 65
50
60
Color Rendering
Index (CRI)
The Color Rendering
Index (CRI) is a relative
measure of the shift in
surface color of an object
when lit by a particular
lamp, compared with
how the object would
appear under a reference
light source of similar
color temperature. The
higher the CRI of the
light source, the "truer" it
renders color
Lamp Life
A statistical probability

Based on:
 A representative sample of lights
 Typical conditions
Rated in hours


Time elapsed when 50% remain burning
Example
 If a lamp had a rating of 1000 hours:

After 1000 hours half of the sample of lamps have burned
out while the other half remains operational
Lamp Lumen Depreciation
(LLD)
Light output declines with time
This loss of light is called Lumen
Depreciation
Factors that affect Lamp
Operation
Strike
Ambient Temperatures
Voltage Interruptions
Wattage/Voltage Changes


Dimming
Increased Watts or Volts
Burning Position
Incandescent
Components

Tungsten filament
 Acts as a resistor
 In parallel changes amps by impedance


inductive reactance and conductor resistance
Glass Globe w/ inert gasses
 Argon or krypton w/ small amounts of nitrogen
 Add bromine or iodine with a quartz covering –
Tungsten Halogen lamp

Lamp base
Types of Incandescent
General Service or Extend Life
Projector (PAR)

Parabolic reflectors
Reflectors (R)
Elliptical Reflectors (ER)
Tungsten Halogen
Common Shapes w/
Designations
Common Bases
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Performance
• Not affected by temperatures
• Voltage sensitive
• Strike sensitive - Dimming
• Excellent color rendering (CRI)
• Lumen depreciation
- on average, lamps retain
87% of their lumens after
70% rated life
•Low Rated Life
GMC Sierra – 12
•Efficacy 10 – 30
Lumens per watt
If there was something
Fluorescent
Components

Mercury arc discharge
 Cathodes
 Argon gas w/ mercury

Phosphor coating on tube
 Ultraviolet light created by the mercury arc
excites the phosphor coating and creates
visible light
 Mixtures of different phosphors give varying
colors

Requires a ballast
 limit and regulate current flow
Ballast
Ballast
Ballast Starter
Ballast
Ballast
The basic ballast is nothing more than a
current limiting device. For 50 and 60 Hz
applications, the most common current
limiting device is an inductor


Magnetic
Electronic
Types of Fluorescents
Shapes



Tubular (T)
U – Shaped (U)
Circline (C)
Types

Preheat
 Few second delay - Bi pin base

Instant Start
 Single pin base

Rapid Start
 Slight delay – bi pin

Note:
•Residential – 120V
•Commercial – 277V
High and Very High Output (increased arc) (HO, VHO)
 Recessed base – 800 mA to 1500 mA – more light, less efficacy
Generic
Designations
Warning: Be sure to check w/
manufacturer
F20 = fluorescent 20 watts (U, C)

F42 = Fluorescent 42” long (instant start slimline)
T8 = tubular 8/8” = 1inch diameter, RS = Rapid
Start
WW = warm white (cw, wwx, etc.)
Generic
Designations
The "T" in lamp nomenclature
designates that the lamp is tubular
shaped.
The number following the "T" usually
represents the diameter of the lamp in
eighths of an inch.
New DOE Standards
Effective July 14, 2012:
Lamp Type
Watts
Color Temperature
Min.
Lumens/Watt
4-foot (T5)
miniature bi-pin
>26W
<4500K
>4500K and <7000K
86.0
81.0
Prior to July 14, 2012 DOE Standards
Lamp Type
Watts
Min. CRI
Min.
Lumens/Watt
4-foot medium
bi-pin
>35W
69
45
75.0
75.0
Performance
•Temperature sensitive
•Strike sensitive (3hrs)
•Poor color rendering
•Long rated life (up to 24,000)
•Lumen depreciation
- on average, lamps retain 87% of
their lumens after 40% rated life;
eventually get dimmer & dimmer
•Good Efficacy 60 – 100 lumens
per watt
•Dimming expensive
•Poor beam control
Residential Usage
Remember strike and ambient temperatures!
High Intensity Discharge
(HID) Lamps
Three distinct categories



Mercury
Metal Halide
High Pressure Sodium
Characteristics





High Efficacy
Long Life
High Lamp Lumen Depreciation
Require ballasts
Low CRI
Mercury HID
Mercury arcs
Starting time

3-5 minutes
Green-blue light
Considerable lamp decay



Eventually dim out
After 24,000 – 50%
Long Life
Burning position – any
Landscaping uses
Metal Halide
HID
Mixtures

Mercury,
sodium,
thallium, scandium, etc.
Starting time

The greatest up to 5 minutes
Bright greenish white
Decay of metals

Decline of lumens very
gradual
Burning position is critical
Sports lighting, commercial
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High/Low Pressure
Sodium HID
Honda Insight - 65
Sodium arc
Starting time

3-5 minutes
Yellow – golden white

Very low CRI
Very high efficacy


Up to 140 lumens/watt for HP
Up to 200 lumens/watt for LP
Burning position – any
Sport lighting, garages
Sodium HID
Diagram of a high pressure sodium lamp
Lamp Comparison - Color
Lamp Comparisons – Life/Cost
Lamp Comparison
Lamp Life
Efficacy
ef·fi·ca·cy
the power to
produce an effect
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