Transcript Slide 1

Automatically Tuned FM
Transmitter
Dan Fishman
Saim Jafri
Michael Thylur
Electrical Engineers 2007
Project Idea
• FM transmitters to transmit from digital music
devices to car antenna
• Between cities the unused radio frequency in
one city might be used by a broadcasting station
in the next
• The synchronization of the transmitter and
receiving radio frequencies can be quite time
consuming
• An automatic FM radio frequency scanner that
finds unused stations will be developed
Project Goals
• Develop a full understanding of frequency
synthesizers that use a Divide-by-N and
PLL
• Successfully detect an unused station in
the FM band
• To better understand communication
systems
• Investigate the marketability of our system
Existing Technologies
Griffin iTrip
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Power source: receives power from ipod
Modulation: FM Stereo
Frequencies: 88.1-107.9MHz
High stability crystal oscillator, phase-locked loop control
Transmits Audio frequencies: 50Hz to 15KHz
Operating range: 10-30 ft
Monster® iCarPlay™ Wireless 200 FM
Transmitter with AutoScan
• This device automatically finds the
clearest available FM station
• 3 programmable station presets
• Simple, intuitive 3 button control
http://www.monstercable.com/productdisplay.asp?pin=4115
A Stereo FM Transmitter
• The two channels are encoded and multiplexed into one channel
• This is fed into the frequency generator
• The frequency generator works as an FM frequency modulator, it
receives a voltage and produces an oscillating wave based on the
input
• The output of the oscillator will be very low, so it is sent to an
amplifier to increase its broadcasting range
Introduction to Design
• Radios are tuned by using local oscillators
• Want to make an automatic scanning
system using a frequency synthesizer
• Impractical to use different oscillators
• Makes sense to use a phase-locked loop
as a frequency synthesizer
Phase-Locked Loop
Fvco  N  Fr
,
• The frequency of the voltage at the output will be equal
to the product of the frequency divide and the reference
frequency.
• To control the digital divider a microcontroller will be
used
• We will use two dividers: A N-divide and a Pre-Scaler
• Need to generate frequencies in the FM range 200 kHz
apart
The System
Frequency synthesizer
Detector
PLL
Microcontroller
Super heterodyne
Receiver
Output Voice
or Display
Superheterodyne Receiver
• The mixer multiplies the local oscillator
with a signal.
• The intermediate frequency is 10.7 MHz.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Superhet2.png
Frequencies
• FCC allows transmission from 88 MHz108MHz
– Allowable band of 200KHz
• Mixer moves a wave to 10.7MHz
• Local oscillator will generate 98.8MHz and
118.6MHz
– Ex. 98.9MHz -88.1MHz= 10.7MHz
PLL Operation
• In lock mode, the
input signal and
voltage controlled
oscillator signals are
identical
• When input equals
free-running
frequency of VCO no
voltage is supplied to
the VCO
VCO
fo
ff
Vd
ff is the free running frequency
Vd is the input voltage
fo is the output frequency of VCO
Ko is the transfer function of the VCO
f o  f f  K 0Vd
Phase Detector
• The phase detector’s
voltage output is a function
of the phase difference
between Fr and Fvco
V
• Gain of phase detector: K d  e
e
• θe is the shifted phase
difference between the signals
at the phase detector
• Ve is the voltage signal
proportional to the phase
difference (It is the output of the phase
detector)
• A sinusoid can be
approximated to be linear for
small phase differences
V / rad
Digital phase lock loop
• Constructed from both analog and digital
devices
• The most simple phase detector is EXOR gate
• Phase error is positive when output lags the
reference signal.
• RC filter can be used to remove AC components
from the phase error signal
• If phase error is zero, the phase detector’s
output will also be zero and VCO operate at its
center frequency
Digital PLL For FM Band
Synthesizer
http://www.ee.washington.edu/stores/DataSheets/cd4000/cd4059.pdf
LM565CN Phase-Locked Loop
We will insert an N divide and
pre-scaler between VCO and
phase comparator
Free running frequency is:
fo 
0.3
RoCo
The VCO is set using an
external capacitor and resistor
High Frequency
Phase-Locked Loop
• Has a lock frequency between 43MHz and
100MHz when supplied 5 volts.
• A 2.4 kΩ resistor was placed between the power
supply and the VCO to adjust the oscillation
frequency range.
• Several by-pass capacitors were placed
between power supply and ground to minimize
the noise ratio.
• The system was successfully able to track a
sinusoidal input between 64MHz and 102MHz.
Divide-By-N
• Has 24 pins, 16 jam
inputs
• Outputs a pulse with
the desired frequency
• Testing found that it
works for both square
waves and sinusoids
• Programmable
N-divide
CD54HC4059
• Three mode-select inputs
• The mode times the jam inputs select the choice of the
divisor N.
• To divide by 493 in the divide by ten mode, the chip
needs to be setup in the divide by ten mode by applying
appropriate high voltages to the mode-select inputs.
493/10=49.3
N  10mod e (1xJ 5,6,7,8  10xJ 9,10,11,12  100xJ13,14,15,16)  RJ1,2,3
N  493  10mod e (9 J 58  40J 912 )  3J 14
Divide-by-n Presets
Divide by 493
8051 Microcontroller
• Programmed using C language
• Both controls divide-by-n and determines if a
station is unused
• Used to detect voltages
Add picture of microcontroller? Or
add more text
Control of divide-by-n via μC
• Each ribbon can control 8 jam inputs
• 12 jam inputs need to be controlled
– Therefore 2 ribbon cables
• Measured 3.27V from each pin
Divide-by-n oscillation
• Voltage oscillates when using μC
• No effect on frequency
Frequency Synthesizer
• Test system built which outputs a desired
frequency
• Divide-by-n set to divide-by-2 mode
• Microcontroller programmed to set divideby-n to various divisors to control the
output of the PLL
• Test system successfully worked
• Tested at 10 KHz
Peak Detection
• AM stations used
• The input to the peak detector was from
the base of the transistor at the audio
amplifier
• Op amp used with gain of ~62.5 so diode
would be in active mode
• Experimented and found RC value of one
second showed good results
Station
Noise
peak to peak
(mv)
max
(mv)
peak to peak
(mv)
max
(mv)
1131.7
1481.7
288
1052
1.3
max/peak
ratio
3.7
max/peak
ratio
Station (detect)
Noise (detect)
peak to peak
(mv)
max
(mv)
peak to peak
(mv)
max
(mv)
383.3
901.7
50
504
2.4
max/peak
ratio
10.1
max/peak
ratio
Ratio of Noise to Station
• Check to see if there was an advantage of
using detector circuit.
• Output of amplifier: 2.79
• Output of peak detector: 4.29
Prescaler
• Need to scale the FM frequency down
because, through experiment, we found
the n-divide will not operate above 7 MHz
• Divide by 64
• Operates from 50 MHz to 1.1 GHz
Project Timeline
Start Date
Completed
Remaining
Make Divide-by-N operational
10/24/2006
16
0
Test PLL
11/8/2006
0
10
Integrate PLL with Divide
11/16/2006
0
4
Integrate PLL with Divide
1/3/2007
0
7
Program Microcontroller
1/10/2007
0
10
Design Detection System
1/20/2007
0
5
Test Detection System
1/25/2007
0
7
Program Microcontroller
2/1/2007
0
10
Test system as a whole
2/11/2007
0
8
Design output display
2/19/2007
0
7
Program Microcontroller
2/26/2007
0
3
Mount on PCB board
3/1/2007
0
5
Acknowledgements
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Professor Hassib
Professor Hedrick
Emad Andarawis
Gene Davison
References
•
Barret, Curtis. "Fractional/Integer-N PLL Basics." 1999. Texas Instruments.
25 May 2006 <http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/swra029/swra029.pdf>.
•
Best, Ronald E. Phase-Locked Loops. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1997.
•
"ITrip Auto." Griffin Technology. Griffin Technology. 19 May 2006
<http://www.griffintechnology.com/products/itripauto/index.php>.
•
Ward, Darrin. “FM Transmitter.” How A Stereo FM Transmitter Works.
2005 http://www.fm-transmitter.com/technical/how-a-stereo-fm-transmitterworks.htm
AM Regulations
• The AM broadcast band range is 530 kHz
to 1700 kHz
• AM is limited to a carrier signal power of
375 watts
Phase-Locked Loop
http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tlc2933.pdf
PLL Top View
• External low-pass
filter
• Lock Frequency
– 43 MHz to 100 MHz (VDD=
5V +5%, TA= -20˚C to
75˚C, x1 Output)
– 37 MHz to 55 MHz (VDD=
3V +5%, TA= -20˚C to
75˚C)
http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tlc2933.pdf
Prescaler
• The prescaler operates at a frequency of
50 MHz
• It is able to divide by 64 and 128
• By testing the prescaler it was concluded
that device works in the specified manner
PLL and Prescalar
Integration
• When the system was run the PLL went out of its lock range to
128MHz, the prescaler divided this by 64, hence returning an
input of 2MHz to the phase detector.
• Subsequent to this response the PLL would not return to its
lock range, unless the system was reset and the prescaler was
set in the disable mode.
• A possibility of the system not working is because the
bandwidth range of the phase detector was not large enough to
accommodate a large bandwidth range.
810 WGY
Local Oscillator
1.265 MHz
Noise
Energy Detector
• The AM/FM radio kit allowed access to the
super heterodyne receiver stages.
• Voltages were taken after peak detector
circuit in the AM reciever.
• The signal is smoothened by a resistor
and capacitor, that act as lowpass filter
and a peak detector.