Transcript relative pronoun

The Relative Clauses with the
Subjunctive
Relative Pronoun
•
In Latin, the relative pronoun is quī, quae,
quod
who (m.) = quī
who (f.) = quae
which (n.) = quod
Relative Pronoun
•
We have already learned that a relative
pronoun can introduce a relative clause.
Normally, relative clauses use indicative
verbs:
Tū es fēmīna quam amō.
You are the woman whom I love.
Relative Pronoun
•
•
However, relative clauses don’t always
have to use an indicative verb. They can
also use a verb in the SUBJUNCTIVE.
If a relative clause uses a subjunctive verb,
there are three distinct functions of the
clause:
1. Relative Clause of Characteristic
2. Relative Clause of Purpose
3. Relative Clause of Result
Relative Clauses of Result
Although we learned that Result Clauses normally
occur in ut clauses, Result Clauses also can occur
within a relative clause. When this occurs, a Relative
Clause of Result is formed.
The Relative Clause of Result is a Result Clause in
which the ut/ut non is replaced by a qui/quin.
Quis est tam fortis qui sine armis pugnet??
Who is so brave that he would fight without arms??
Relative Clauses of Result
Quis est tam fortis qui sine armis pugnet??
Who is so brave that he would fight without arms??
Although this construction is sometimes difficult to
render in English, it is relatively simple to identify:
T-word + qui/quin + subjunctive
Practice
1.
Quis est tam malus qui cum amicis suis pugnet?

2.
Who is so hard of mind that he will fight with his friends?
Hoc carmen est tam difficule quin intellegī possit.

This poem is so difficult that it is not able to be understood.
Other Relative Clauses
•
•
•
So, Relative Clauses of Result can be
indentified in part by the use of a tword before the qui-clause itself.
The other two relative clauses,
however, have no distinguishing
features to assist with identification.
The best way to distinguish them is
trial and error.
Relative Clause of Characteristic
•
•
•
The relative clause of characteristic is
another relative clause that uses the
subjunctive.
It serves to indicate the sort of
person/thing the antecedent of the
relative pronoun is.
The meaning is similar to the English
colloquial phrase: “you would be that
guy!”
Relative Clause of Characteristic
Examples:
Nōn laudāmus virum, quī rem publicam pugnet.
We do not praise the man who would attack the republic.
Cicerō erat, quī vitam prō rē publicā daret.
Cicero was (a man) who would give his life for the republic.
N.B.: Since the rel. clause of char. uses a dependent
subjunctive, the Sequence of Tenses IS employed.
Relative Clause of Characteristic
More Examples:
Cleopatra vidēbatur regina, quae urbem bene regeret.
Cleopatra seemed to be a queen who would rule her city
well.
Poēta ille carmina cecinit, quae hominibus virtutem docēret.
The famous poet sang songs that would teach virtue to men.
N.B.: Since the rel. clause of char. uses a dependent
subjunctive, the Sequence of Tenses IS employed.
Relative Clause of Characteristic
•
To negate a relative clause of characteristic,
use the word quin.
quin = qui + non
Sōla erat quīn haec intellegeret.
She was the only (one) who wouldn’t understand these things.
Translation Practice
1.
Librum habēbam quem amārēs.

2.
Vīvimus in urbe, quae videatur pulchra multīs.

3.
I used to have a book that you would have liked.
We live in a city that would seem beautiful to many.
Caesar nullum virum ad bellum duxit quin prō Romā
moreretur.

Caesar led no man to war who would not have died for Rome.
Relative Clause of Purpose
•
•
•
The last function of the subjunctive in a relative
clause is called the relative clause of purpose.
The relative clause of purpose is a type of
combination of a relative clause and the typical
purpose clause introduced by ut or ne.
Like the relative clauses of characteristic and
result, the relative clause of purpose also uses a
dependent subjunctive and, therefore, is subject to
the rules of the Sequence of Tenses.
Relative Clause of Purpose
Examples:
Rēgīna mīlitēs in prōvinciam mittet, quī cives terreant.
The queen will send soldiers into the province who may
frighten the citizens.
The queen will send soldiers into the province, so that they
may frighten the inhabitants.
Pater filiae pecūniam dēdit, quae eī placēret.
The father gave his daughter money that might please her.
The father gave his daughter money so that it might please
her.
Translation Practice
Rōmānī lēgātōs mittunt quī dē cōnsiliō dicant.
1.

2.
The Romans are sending envoies who may talk about the plan.
Haec habui quae de libertate dicerem.

3.
I had these things that I might have said about freedom.
Milites misit qui hostes vincerent.

S/he sent the soldiers to conquer the enemies.
Homework
•
HW 50