Transcript Subjunctive Uses 2 Review PPT

Cum Clauses, RCC, RCP, and
Conditions
Cum clauses + subjunctive describe either:
(a) the general circumstance when the main action occurs
= “cum circumstantial”
(b) the cause of the main action = “cum causal”
(c) a circumstance that obstructs or is opposed to the main
action = “cum adversative”
These are all generally constructed in the same way, but the
meanings will vary based on the relationship between the
main clause and the cum clause. Use the context to figure
out what type of cum clause the Latin contains.
When translating one of these subjunctive cum clauses,
first identify which of the three types it is,
then you will know whether to use: “when…”, “since…”/
“because…”, or “although…”
Lastly, you will translate the subjunctive verb as an indicative
without the help of auxiliary verbs.
Gives the general situation behind the main action.
Typically will be translated as “when ______”
Cum hoc fecisset, ad te fūgit.
When he had done this, he fled to you.
Cum illum hominem esse servum novisset, eum
comprehendere non dubitavit
When he knew that this man was a servant, he did not
hesitate to arrest him.
Explains the cause of the main action
Typically will be translated with “since” or “because”
Cum hoc sciret, potuit eos iuvare.
Since he knew this, he was able to help them.
Quae cum ita sint, confer te in exsilium.
Because these things are this way, go into exile.
Gives a circumstance that impeded or is generally
opposed to the main action.
Translated as “although”
Often has tamen “nevertheless” in main clause
Cum hoc sciret, tamen milites misit.
Although he knew this, nevertheless he sent troops.
Cum Gaium diligeremus, non poteramus eum iuvare.
Although we loved Gaius, we could not help him.
cum + indic. = Temporal: “when…”
• Describes precise time of main action
cum + subj. = Circumstantial: “when…”
• Describes general situation around main action
cum + subj. = Causal: “since/because…”
• Describes cause of main action
cum + subj. = Adversative: “although…”
• Describes obstruction of / opposition to main action
Remember that the only way to determine the differences
between the various subjunctive cum clauses is to know
the relationship between the main clause and the cum
clause.
Like an indicative relative clause, the RCC gives more
information about the antecedent, but instead of a factual
description, it provides information about the general
quality of the antecedent, making the antecedent less
specific (or more indefinite)
As a result, Latin uses a subjunctive verb in the RCC
Translate using “would” for the subj. verb and an indefinite
phrase for the antecedent, like:
“the sort of person who…” “the type who…” “the sort who...”
Indic. Verb = Rel. Cl.
Hic est miles qui hostes delet.
Hic est miles qui hostes deleat.
Subj. Verb = RCC
Describes the character (not the actions) of the antecedent
Although there is no limit to how the RCC can start, here are
a few common phrases that begin one:
sunt qui (there are people who…)
quis est qui (who is there who…)
nemo est qui (there is no one who…)
Like the RCC, the RCP is a relative clause that uses a
subjunctive verb.
Instead of describing general qualities, however, the RCP
instead functions as a purpose clause, describing the
reason “why” someone completes an action.
Like other purpose clauses, translate using an infinitive in
English or phrases like “so that” or “in order to”
The RCP usually follows a main verb of sending or
ordering (or something similar) and the subject of RCP
will usually be the direct object or indirect object of the
main clause.
Caesar miles misit qui hostes deleant.
Caesar sent the soldiers to destroy the enemy. - or Caesar sent the soldiers in order that they destroy the
enemy.
Note that there is not an effective way to translate the RCP into
English using a Relative Pronoun, so it’s best just to translate
as you would regularly translate a Purpose Clause.
Purpose Clause: ut / ne + Subjunctive
(describes “why?” or “for what reason?”)
Result Clause: sign word + ut + Subjunctive
(describes the outcome of the main clause)
IQ: Main Verb of Question/Speech + Question word + Subj.
(Reports a question that was asked indirectly)
IC: Main Verb of Command/Speech + ut / ne + Subj.
(A substantive clause that is the thing ordered)
Fear Clause: Main Verb of Fearing + ne / ut + Subj.
(Describes an action/event that is feared)
Cum Clause: Cum + Subj. (cf. relationship to main clause)
(clauses w/ various relationships to main clause)
RCC: (Indefinite Antecedent) Relative Pronoun + Subj.
(Describes general qualities of antecedent)
RCP: Main Verb of Ordering/Sending + Rel. Pron. + Subj.
(Descr. the reason why the antecedent is sent)
Conditional sentences generally have two parts: the “if”
clause (called the protasis) and the main or “then”
clause (called the apodosis).
There are 6 total types of conditional statements in Latin:
- 3 use indicative verbs
- 3 use subjunctive verbs
All conditional statements are, to an extent, hypothetical,
but if an indicative verb is used, the condition is more
likely to occur.
Conditions can occur at three times: present, past, and
future.
Each of the tenses has one ‘simple/real’ (indicative)
condition and one ‘unreal’ (subjunctive) condition.
Present: simple, contrary-to-fact
Past: simple, contrary-to-fact
Future: more vivid, less vivid
Expresses a general fact that is true for the
present situation:
Si laborat, pecuniam optat.
If he works, then he desires money.
In Latin and English, this is expressed with
present indicatives in both the protasis and
apodosis.
Expresses a general fact true in a past situation:
Si laboravit, pecuniam optavit.
Si laborabat, pecuniam optabat.
If he has worked, then he has desired money.
– or –
If he was working, then he was desiring money.
In Latin and English, this is expressed by the
perfect or imperfect indicatives in both parts.
Expresses a general fact true in the future.
Si laborabit, pecuniam optabit.
If he works, he will desire money.
In Latin, this is expressed with the future indicative
in both parts.
***The English and Latin constructions differ in this
condition— English uses a present indicative in
the protasis: think of it as “present-future,”
whereas Latin uses “future-future”
Remember: “If you give a mouse a cookie, he will
ask for a glass of milk”
This condition expresses an idea that is untrue in
the present time.
Si non laboraret, pecuniam optaret.
If he were not working, then he would want money.
In Latin, this is expressed with imperfect
subjunctives in both parts.
In English, this is the “were… / would…” condition.
Expresses an idea that is untrue in the past.
Si non laboravisset, pecuniam optavisset.
If he had not worked, then he would have wanted
money.
In Latin, this is expressed with the pluperfect
subjunctive in both parts.
In English, think of this as the “had…/would
have…” condition.
Expresses an idea that is unlikely or indefinite in
the future.
Si laboret , pecuniam non optet.
If he should work, he would not want money.
In Latin, this is expressed with present
subjunctives in both parts.
In English, this is the “should-would” condition.
Please note that in real Latin you will often encounter
instances in which you have a protasis that indicates
one type of condition and an apodosis that indicates
another type. Just focus on the type of condition for
each clause and translate accordingly.
Si laboravisset, pecuniam non optaret.
Si laborabat, pecuniam non optabit.
Another common trend in Latin is to replace the usual
verb of the protasis with an imperative or
jussive/hortatory subjunctive — this is especially
common in the protases of Fut. Move Vivid Conditions.
If you organize the types of condition by time it refers to (past,
present, and future) and level of reality (real and unreal), you can
view them all in this handy chart:
Real / Simple
Unreal
Present
Simple Fact Present
= Pres. Indic.
Contrary to Fact Present
= Impf. Subj.
Past
Simple Fact Past
= Past Indic.
Contrary to Fact Past
= Plupf. Subj.
Future
Future More Vivid
= Fut. Indic.
Future Less Vivid
= Pres. Subj.
You should be ready to reproduce this chart for the quiz.