Transcript Ch 1 Notes
Human Origins in Africa • _______________- scientists who study ancient settlements • _______________- scientists who study ancient culture • ________________- scientists who study fossils Footprints Found • 1970’s _______________finds prehistoric footprints in Tanzania (East Africa) preserved in volcano ash • _____________________- form of hominid that is upright walking and had opposable thumbs. Discovery of Lucy • ___________________ explores Ethiopia, and finds a skeleton of an adult hominid (3.5 million years old) • Named ________ after “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” song Stone Age Begins • Mastery of fire, development of language, and impressive technological advancements • ____________________(Old Stone)- 2.5 million years ago until 8,000 BC (hunter-gatherers). Much during the Ice Ages. • ___________________ (New Stone)- 8,000 BC until 3,000 BC (agriculturalists, artisans, innovators) • Australopithecines replaced by by _______________ (man of skill). They used primitive tools to crack bones and open carcasses. These guys were later replaced by _________________ (upright man). More intelligent and adaptable species who were inventors. Also the first hominids to migrate from Africa. They were the first to use fire and develop a spoken language Modern Humans • _____________develops into _______________(wise man). Had larger brains, but otherwise looked similar (cromagnons). • _____________- powerful people who had religious beliefs and were more sophisticated than the “man with club” image. Found in Germany, they were resourceful enough to survive the Ice Age winters. Mysteriously disappeared about 30,000 years ago. • - arrived 40,000 years ago, and are identical to modern humans. About 5.5 feet tall, and migrated to Europe and Asia from Africa. They made new tools, and were better hunters. More advanced language increased communication, which helped them exterminate Neanderthals. Humans Try to Control Nature • • __________- ppl who move from place to place foraging. Depends on migrations of animals ____________- depend on animals and crops Art in Paleolithic Age • • Made necklaces of bear claws, seashells, and lion teeth Created intricate cave paintings Beginnings of Agriculture • ___________________- agricultural revolution about 10,000 years ago. Movement from food-gathering to food-producing • Early farming methods: _______________- cut trees/grasses and burn them to clear a field. Ashes fertilized soil. Would move around from year to year. ______________________________ • Tamed horses, goats, dogs, and pigs. Helped travel and also provided an additional source of food Villages Grow • Farming develops in many places (Africa around the ______, China around the ________ River, Mexico and in Central America around the ___________, and __________in the Andes Mountains. ___________________ • • • • • Located in Turkey Home to 5-6 thousand people who lived in houses that looked like a honeycomb Showed the benefits of settled life b/c people were able to specialize Some setbacks- invasion, fire, drought Displayed how villages could lead to cities (trading centers) Civilization (Ur) Villages grow into Cities • • Economic changes- improved irrigation led to surplus of food, and allowed some ppl to specialize in other trades. Artisans, farmers, and others needed a place to trade their goods. Two inventions (wheel and sail) helped increase trading. Social changes- new economy changes social structure. People begin to believe in gods of rain, wind, and other natural forces. How civilization develops • • • • • • First civilization develops in ___________, Mesopotamia (Iraq) Civilization needs 5 traits (__________________________________________________________________ _) Cities aren’t reliant on population, but on trading Specialized workers allowed a variety of goods to be traded Complex institutions were necessary to rule people (government, religion, etc.) Record keeping becomes important to write laws, collect taxes (Sumerian _____________) How civilization develops (cont.) • Cuneiform replaced pictographs. It was typically written on clay tablets by scribes • Improved technology was needed to solve emerging -_______________: around 3,000 BC, Sumerian artisans melt copper and tin to make bronze, which is more efficient in tools and weapons. Ur • City in Sumer on the banks of the _______________River (Iraq) • 30,000 ppl lived there, and social status was obvious • Trading revolved around __________, which is trading without currency • Religious pyramid temple called _____________(“mountain of God”) • _________________allowed for food surplus, and variety of goods for trading