Transcript power point about subjunctives

The Subjunctive Mood
Sequence of Tenses
Result Clauses
The Subjunctive Mood
• The subjunctive mood is connected with
notions involving idea, intent, desire,
uncertainty, potentiality, anticipation, or the
like.
• Think of the subjunctive as the mood of
“non fact” or “wishing”
• The subjunctive has only 4 tenses:
present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect
Translating the Subjunctive
A subjunctive verb has no one equivalent in
English and therefore can only be
translated according to the
construction in which it occurs.
Present Active Subjunctive of the
First Conjugation
• Begin with the present stem (remove the
“-re” from the infinitive to get the present
stem)
• Change the –a- to –e• Add present personal endings (-m, -s, -t, mus, -tis, -nt)
Present Active Subjunctive
Conjugation
• Take the present stem
• Change –e to –ea
• Add personal endings
nd
2
Present Active Subjunctive
Conjugation
• Take the present stem
• Remove the-e and add –a
• Add personal endings
rd
3
th
4
Present Subjunctive
Conjugation and 3rd -io
• Take the present stem
• Remove the –i (e for-io stem) and add –ia
• Add the personal endings
Mnemonic Devices
• shE wEArs A gIAnt dIAmond
• wE bEAt A gIAnt LIAr
Imperfect Active Subjunctive in All
Conjugations
• Take the full present active infinitive
• Lengthen the final –e
• Add the present personal endings
Perfect Active Subjunctive for All
Conjugations
• Take the perfect stem (remove –i from the
third principal part)
• Add –eri• Add present tense personal endings
Pluperfect Active Subjunctive of All
Conjugations
• Take the perfect stem
• Add the tense sign –isse• Add the present personal endings
Present Subjunctive of sum
Sim
Sis
sit
simus
sitis
sint
The Sequence of Tenses
MAIN CLAUSE
Indicative
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Tense of Subjunctive
Time of Action
Relative to the Main
Clause
Primary
Sequence
Present
Future
Future Perfect
Present= same time or
after
Perfect= time before
Secondary
Sequence
Imperfect
Perfect
Plurperfect
Imperfect= same time or
after
Pluperfect= time before
Using Sequence of Tenses
The sequence of tenses simply shows how
to translate the subordinate clause in
relation to the main clause.
Primary Sequence
• Pugno ut nautam superem.
• I fight in order that I may overcome the
sailor.
• Pugnabo ut nautam superem.
• I shall fight in order that I may overcome
the sailor.
• Pugnavero ut nautam superem.
• I shall have fought in order that I may
overcome the sailor.
Secondary Sequence
• Pugnabam ut nautam superarem.
• I was fighting in order that I might
overcome the sailor.
• Pugnavi ut nautam superarem.
• I fought in order that I might overcome the
sailor.
• Pugnaveram ut nautam superarem.
• I had fought in order that I might have
overcome the sailor.
Result Clauses
• Result clauses express the result of an
action or a quality
• They are introduced by ut for the positive
• They are introduced by ut non (nemo,
nihil, numquam, etc.) for the negative
• Have verbs in the subjunctive
With Adjectives and Adverbs
• The approach of a result clause is often indicated by the presence of
an adjective or adverb of degree in the main clause.
Adjectives:
Adverbs:
tantus, -a, -um
ita
talis, e
tam
tot (indeclineable)
sic
adeo
Examples of result clauses may be seen on the previous slide which
showed the use of sequence of tenses.