Transcript class2-85 - St. Charles Preparatory School

Finite Moods of a Verb
1. Indicative – The verb states a fact or asks a direct question.
2. Imperative – The verbs states a command.
3. Subjunctive – The verb states a possibility.
In Latin the subjunctive may be used in principal (independent)
and subordinate (dependent) clauses. It can express the ideas of
command, purpose, result, indirect question, and the like, and
the English translation must contain these ideas.
(Pages 319 – 320)
Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs)
Present Tense
Rule
Translation
(1st
conj.)
(2nd
conj.)
(Reg.
(4th conj.
3rd conj.) & 3rd. io verbs)
Pres. Rt.
voc
+ e + PE
Pres. St.
mone
+ a + PE
Pres. Rt.
reg
+ a + PE
Pres. St.
capi audi
+ a + PE
(call)
(warn)
(rule)
(take)
(hear)
vocem
voces
vocet
vocemus
vocetis
vocent
moneam
moneas
moneat
moneamus
moneatis
moneant
regam
regas
regat
regamus
regatis
regant
capiam
capias
capiat
capiamus
capiatis
capiant
audiam
audias
audiat
audiamus
audiatis
audiant
(may)
I may ________
you may ________
he may ________
we may ________
you may ________
they may ________
(Pages 319 – 320)
Subjunctive Mood (Irregular Verbs)
Present Tense
(Must be memorized)
Translation
Sum
(be)
Possum
(be able)
volo
(wish)
eo
(go)
fero
(bring)
fio
(become)
(may)
sim
sis
sit
simus
sitis
sint
possim
possis
possit
possimus
possitis
possint
velim
velis
velit
velimus
velitis
velint
eam
eas
eat
eamus
eatis
eant
feram
feras
ferat
feramus
feratis
ferant
fiam
fias
fiat
fiamus
fiatis
fiant
I may ________
you may ________
he may ________
we may ________
you may ________
they may ________
(Pages 319 – 320)
Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs)
Imperfect Tense
Rule
Translation
All Verbs - Full Present Active Infinitive + PE
(might)
vocare
+ PE
monere
+ PE
regere
+ PE
capere
+ PE
audire
+ PE
(call)
(warn)
(rule)
(take)
(hear)
vocarem
vocares
vocaret
vocaremus
vocaretis
vocarent
monerem
moneres
moneret
moneremus
moneretis
monerent
regerem
regeres
regeret
regeremus
regeretis
regerent
caperem
caperes
caperet
caperemus
caperetis
caperent
audirem
audires
audiret
audiremus
audiretis
audirent
I might ________
you might ________
he might ________
we might ________
you might ________
they might ________
(Pages 339 – 340)
Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs)
Perfect TenseRule
Translation
All Verbs - Perfect Stem + eri + PE
(may have)
vocav
eri + PE
monu
eri + PE
rex
eri + PE
cep
eri + PE
audiv
eri + PE
(call)
(warn)
(rule)
(take)
(hear)
vocaverim
vocaveris
vocaverit
vocaverimus
vocaveritis
vocaverint
monuerim
monueris
monuerit
monuerimus
monueritis
monuerint
rexerim
rexeris
rexerit
rexerimus
rexeritis
rexerint
ceperim
ceperis
ceperit
ceperimus
ceperitis
ceperint
audiverim
audiveris
audiverit
audiverimus
audiveritis
audiverint
I may have ________
you may have ________
he may have ________
we may have ________
you may have ________
they may have ________
Review of the Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs)
(Pages 345 – 346)
Pluperfect Tense
Translation
Rule
All Verbs - Perfect Stem + isse + PE
(might have)
vocav
isse + PE
monu
isse + PE
rex
cep
audiv
isse + PE isse + PE isse + PE
(call)
(warn)
(rule)
vocavissem monuissem
vocavisses
monuisses
vocavisset
monuisset
vocavissemus monuissemus
vocavissetis monuissetis
vocavissent monuissent
(take)
(hear)
rexissem cepissem audivissem
rexisses
cepisses audivisses
rexisset
cepisset
audivisset
rexissemus cepissemus audivissemus
rexissetis cepissetis audivissetis
rexissent cepissent audivissent
I might have ________
you might have ________
he might have ________
we might have ________
you might have ________
they might have ________
Review of the Sequence of Tense Rules for the Subjunctive Mood
(Page 341)
SEQUENCE
IF THE MAIN VERB IS:
THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE USES:
Primary
present
future
future perfect
1.the present subjunctive
(to express same time as the main verb)
2.the perfect subjunctive
(to express time before that of the main verb)
Secondary
imperfect
perfect
pluperfect
1.the imperfect subjunctive
(to express same time as the main verb)
2. the pluperfect subjunctive
(to express time before that of the main verb)
Review of Indirect Questions
(Page 341)
1. In English and in Latin there are two kinds of questions:
Direct
Indirect
What are you doing?
I am asking what you are doing.
Quid facis?
Rogo quid facias.
A direct question becomes indirect when it is used as the direct object of verbs meaning ask,
know, perceive, show, etc. It is always introduced by an interrogative word. In English the
verb of an indirect question is in the indicative mood; in Latin it is in the subjunctive mood,
although the English translation is like the indicative.
2. Indirect questions must not be confused with indirect statements.
INDIRECT STATEMENT
INDIRECT QUESTION
Scio eum venisse.
Scio cur venerit.
I know that he came.
I know why he came.
Review of Result Clauses
(page 334)
1. In English the verb in a clause of result is expressed by the indicative mood because a result
is something that actually happened. A fact is stated. In Latin the verb is in the subjunctive
mood, and the clause, whether affirmative or negative, is introduced by ut. In a negative clause
the negative adverb non is placed before the verb. In the English translation the auxiliary verbs
may, might, should, would are never used.
2. In Latin as in English, some word in the main clause serves as a warning indicator that a
result clause is coming. Ita and sic, both of which mean so, are usually used with verbs.
Tam, also meaning so, is used with adjectives and adverbs. Tantus, so great, talis, such, and tot,
so many, are adjectives.
Romani tam fortiter pugnaverunt ut hostes superarent.
The Romans fought so bravely that they overcame the enemy.
Numerus hostium erat tantus ut Romani eos non superarent.
The number of the enemy was so great that the Romans did not overcome them.
Review of Clauses Expressing Purpose
(Page 321)
1. In English when we say: He comes to school to study, the infinitive expresses the purpose
of his coming. Instead of an infinitive in a simple sentence, we may use a clause in a complex
sentence: He comes to school in order that he may study.
2. In Latin prose we do not use an infinitive to express purpose. We must use a subordinate
clause introduced by ut if the clause is positive; by ne, if negative. After verbs meaning
choose, send, or leave, purpose may be expressed by a relative clause. The antecedent of the
relative pronoun (qui quae quod)is usually the object of the main verb.
Pugnant ut vincant. They fight to conquer
(in order that they may conquer).
Pugnant ne vincantur. They fight in order not to be conquered
(in order that they may not be conquered; lest they may be conquered).
Nuntios qui haec dicant mittimus. We are sending messengers to say these things
(who may (shall) say these things).