Transcript Chapter 14 Sentence Basicsx

Ch. 14 –
Sentence Basics
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Opening Activity
•Identify the subjects in the following sentences.
1. Nomi walked to Addison Hall to purchase her
textbooks.
2. Why do office workers get drowsy during long
meetings?
3. Whoever has had a cat for more than a few months
probably knows how to properly administer his or her
cat’s medication.
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Answers
•Identify the subjects in the following sentences.
1. Nomi walked to Addison Hall to purchase her textbooks.
2. Why do office workers get drowsy during long
meetings?
3. Whoever has had a cat for more than a few months
probably knows how to properly administer his or her
cat’s medication.
© 2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Learning Outcomes
By the time you finish reading and studying this
chapter, you should be able to:
Recognize and correctly use
◦ LO1 Subjects and Predicates (Verbs)
◦ LO2 Special Types of Subjects
◦ LO3 Special Types of Predicates
◦ L04 Adjectives
◦ L05 Adverbs
◦ L06 Prepositional Phrases
◦ L07 Clauses
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Subjects and Predicates
(Verbs)
•Subject – tells what the sentence is about
• Simple subject – the subject without any modifiers
• The black and white spotted Bulldog ran to the park.
• Complete subject – subject with modifiers
• The black and white spotted Bulldog ran to the park.
• Implied subject – when the subject “you” is implied
• (You) Stop chasing the Bulldog.
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Subjects and Predicates
(Verbs)
•Verb (predicate) – tells what the subject does or is in
the sentence
• Simple predicate – the verb and any helping verbs without any modifiers
or objects
• The black and white spotted Bulldog ran to the park.
• Complete predicate – the verb with modifiers and objects
• The black and white spotted Bulldog ran to the park.
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Subjects and Predicates
(Verbs)
• Inverted order – in questions and sentences that
begin with here or there, the subject comes after the
predicate
• Why are you chasing the robot?
• Here comes the robot! I’m not chasing him;
he’s chasing me!
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Special Types of Subjects
•Compound subjects – two or more subjects
connected by and or or
• The green race car and red race car sped by in a matter of
seconds.
•Infinitives (“To” words) as subjects – an infinitive is a verbal form
that begins with to and may be followed by objects or modifiers,
and can function as a subject
• To score an A on my math exam would make my mother very
happy.
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Special Types of Subjects
•Gerunds (“Ing” words) as subjects – a gerund is a verb form that ends
in ing and may be followed by objects or modifiers, and can function as
a subject
• Turning left on Main Street is the only way to get to the city library.
• Noun clause as subject – a noun clause can function as a subject.
The clause itself has a subject and verb but cannot stand alone as a
sentence. Noun clauses are introduced by words like what, that,
when why, how, whatever, or whichever.
• Whoever needs a ride home from the mall should wait outside of the food
court.
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Special Types of Predicates
(Verbs)
•Compound predicates – consist of two or more predicates joined
by and or or
• Julio ran and biked for 45 minutes after school.
• Predicates with direct objects – A direct object follows a
transitive verb and tells what or who receives the action of the
verb
• Deseree wrote in her journal.
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Special Types of Predicates
(Verbs)
•Predicates with indirect objects – an indirect object comes
between a transitive verb and a direct object and tells to whom
or for whom an action was done
• I told Mike a secret.
•Passive predicates –the subject of the sentence is being acted
upon rather than acting. Often, the actor is the object of the
preposition in a phrase that starts with by. To make the sentence
active, rewrite it, turning the object of the preposition into the
subject.
• Mr. Jones was given the book by Simone. (passive)
• Simone gave the book to Mr. Jones. (active)
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Adjectives
•Adjectives – words that modify nouns. Adjectives answer these
basic questions: which, what kind of, how many, or how much.
• Reflective mirror
• Cold mirror
• Cracked mirror
• Adjective phrases and clauses - phrases and clauses can also
act as adjectives to modify nouns
• The mirror that was a gift from a friend is in my room.
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Adverbs
•Adverbs – words that modify a verb. Adverbs answer these basic
questions: how, when, where, why, how long, and how often.
• The college students cheered excitedly when they received their
midterm grades back.
• Adverb phrases and clauses – phrases and clauses can also act
as adverbs to modify verbs.
• The college students cheered for five minutes when they received
their midterm grades back.
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Prepositional Phrases
•Prepositional phrases – preposition followed by an object (a
noun or pronoun) and any modifiers.
• Against all odds, the university’s football team won the state
championship.
• Common prepositions:
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Clauses
•Clause – group of words with a subject and a predicate.
• Independent clause – clause which has a subject and a
predicate and expresses a complete thought
• Rajiv plans to attend Carnegie Mellon University.
• Dependent clause – clause which has a subject and a
predicate but doesn’t express a complete thought.
• If John and Gale eat out every night, they won’t be able to save
enough money for a house.
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Closing Activity
The following sentences are dependent clauses. Turn these
sentences into independent clauses by completing the
sentences and expressing a complete thought.
1. In order to survive the drought, ____________________
_________________________________________________.
2. Because Matt went to college______________________
_________________________________________________.
3. When our school had a power outage, ______________
_________________________________________________.
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Answers
The following sentences are dependent
clauses. Turn these sentences into
independent clauses by completing the
sentences and expressing a complete thought.
1. In order to survive the drought, Lee began
conserving the water supply on the farm.
2. Because Matt went to college he could
become a doctor.
3. When our school had a power outage,
classes were cancelled.
© 2016. CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.