Transcript rephrasing: last structures

REPHRASING
LAST STRUCTURES
SO / SUCH
PREPARATORY “IT”
TIME CLAUSES
PURPOSE CLAUSES
I WISH…
HAD BETTER, WOULD RATHER
EXTENSION OF SOME STRUCTURES
SO / SUCH
• “SO” IS ALWAYS USED BEFORE AN ADJECTIVE .
• “SUCH” IS ALWAYS USED BEFORE AN ADJECTIVE AND A NOUN .
• IT’S PRECEDED BY THE ARTICLE “A” IF THE NOUN IS COUNTABLE SINGULAR. IN THE
REST OF THE CASES, IT’S NOT PRECEDED BY ANY ARTICLE.
EXAMPLES:
• “THIS EXERCISE IS SO DIFFICULT THAT I CAN’T DO IT”.
• IT’S … SUCH A DIFFICULT EXERCISE THAT I CAN’T DO IT.
• “IT’S SUCH A WONDERF UL EXPERIENCE”
• THIS… EXPERIENCE IS SO WONDERFUL.
• THESE COMPUTERS ARE SO FAST.
• THESE ARE… SUCH FAST COMPUTERS.
BEWARE:
• SO/ SUCH… THAT CAN INTRODUCE OTHER KINDS OF REPHRASING
STRUCTURES SUCH AS:
•
•
CAUSE/ CONSEQUENCE: “THE CLASS WAS SO BORING THAT WE FELL ASLEEP”  “ WE… FELL ASLEEP BECAUSE THE CLASS
WAS SO BORING
CONDITIONALS: “THE WEATHER WAS SO BAD THAT WE HAD TO POSTPONE THE MATCH.”  “ IF… THE WEATHER HADN’T BEEN
SO BAD, WE WOULDN’T HAVE HAD TO POSTPONE THE MATCH.”
PREPARATORY “IT”
 These two sentences mean the same:
 Eating vegetables is healthy.
 It’s healthy to eat vegetables.
 And these two:
 The fact that Barça are catching up seems evident.
 It seems evident that Barça are catching up.
 In both cases, “it” serves to anticipate the real subject, which
comes after the verb.
TIME CLAUSES
 When… / As soon as…
 “I will send you a text when I arrive at my destination”.
 “As… soon as I arrive at my destination, I will send you a text.”
 … Until / When…
 “I won’t have any celebrations until the exams are over.”
 “When the exams are over, I will have some celebrations.”
 Af ter… / (Before… / …until)
 After I come back from the USA, I will write my reports.
 I won’t write my reports before I come back from the USA.
 IN ALL CASES: If they have a future reference, the tense structure is
like the 1 st conditional:
 Main clause  Present
 Subordinate clause  Future (it changes from negative to affirmative or vice versa according to the sense of the sentence.
PURPOSE CLAUSES
 PURPOSE CONNECTORS: to + infinitive, in order to + infinitive
, so that + clause.
 “I went to the pub to drink some beer.”
 “I study a lot in order to get the highest possible mark.”
 “She went to the library so that she could get as much material as
possible.”
 REPHRASING APPLICATION: it may result in another type of
sentence, normally cause or consequence:
 “I went to the pub to drink some beer.”
 “I wanted to drink some beer… so I went to the pub.
I WISH… / IF ONLY I…
 “I wish” and “If only I” are structures that express the desire that
something were dif ferent.
 The tenses of the following clause don’t match the real time.
 “I wish I had started (past perfect) the project earlier”  past desire.
 “I wish I was (past simple) taller”  present desire.
 You normally use this type to express you are unhappy about your present
condition.
 I wish you would shut up (conditional)  future desire.
 You normally use this type to express hope (and doubt) that something would
change.
 In the rephrasing application, you will get a whole situation, not always
formally predictable. Therefore, it’s paramount to understand it ver y
well.
 I would like to play basketball, but I’m too short”
 I wish… I was taller to play basketball.
 I didn’t memorize all the irregular verbs and I failed the exam.
 I wish… I had memorized all the irregular verbs.
 You are making such an irritating noise.
 I wish… you would stop making such an irritating noise.
HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER
HAD BETTER
WOULD RATHER
 It means the same as the
modals “should” or “ought to”.
Therefore, it’s followed by a
bare infinitive: “ We had better
grab our books now”.
 In negatives, we use “had better
not”: “You’d better not talk to
strangers.”
 REPHRASING APP: Same
situations as “should” or “ought
to”: sentences with “it’s a good
idea…”, “advice” or even
“should” or “ought to”, with the
rephrasing star ting with “I’d…”
or “I had…”
 It i n di ca tes pre fe re n c e.
 It c a n be fo l lowe d by a ba re
i n fi nit ive: “ I’ d ra t h e r s t ay a t h o m e
to n i ght ”
 In n e g at ives, we us e “ wo ul d ra t h e r
n ot ” : “ I’ d ra t h e r n ot fo l low yo ur
i n s t ruc t ions”.
 It c a n be fo l lowe d by a “ t h a t
s e n te nc e” w i t h t h e s a m e te n s e
s t ruc t ure a s “ I w i s h ”:
 I’d rather you didn’t tell me the truth
(present)
 I’d rather you hadn’t told me a lie
(past)
 Re ph ra s ing a pp: Wh e n ever th e
s i t ua t ion de n ote s pre fe re n c e a n d
t h e re ph ra s ing s t a r t s w i t h “ I’ d… ” o r
“ I wo ul d… ”
EXTENSION
 Present Perfect:
 I haven’t exercised for two months.
 It’s been two months since I have exercised / since I exercised for the
last time / since I last exercised.
 It’s been (duration) + since + present perfect / past simple + for the
last time.