Transcript REVISION 2º BTO

REVISION 2º BTO
Conson + y = – ies (study- studies)
O = es
(go – goes)
Present simple
S, x, ch, sh = es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes)
he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes) We study English
My sister watches TV
Don`t
We don´t study
+ verb
Doesn´t
She doesn´t study
+
?
A+S+V?
Do you study ?
Does she study?
Am
V-ing
Is
Are
V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal + 1 cons., doblan cons.
Run—running swim—swimming
V de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan consonante
Begin—beginning
Verbos que acaban en l , doblan l
Travel—travelling
Verbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y + ing
Die—dying
Study- studying
A+S+V?
Play-playing
+
present continuous
+
-
?
I am studying
you are studying
he is studying
I am not studying
You aren´t studying
He isn´t studying
Am I studying?
Are you studying?
Is he studying?
Present simple
The simple present is used for two main types of action:
Habits
actions which happen regularly
o on Sundays
o Frequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often –
o every day, every week, Once a month, etc.
States Things which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc)
present continuous
The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action:
 A temporary action happening now :
Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future)
Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro)
 A definite plan for the future :
Something we intend to do, usually in the near future.
Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano
Non-continuous verbs / Stative verbs
There are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as in
Spanish.
Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these:
verbs describing thought processes and opinions:
think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree…
verbs describing emotions:
want, like, love, hate, adore, detest…
verbs describing the senses:
see, hear, taste, feel, smell…
This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous.
It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particular
situation.
Frequency adverbs and time expressions
At the end of the sentence
How often..?
Always
Usually
Often
I do yoga twice a week
Every day
Once a day / week / month..
Sometimes
Twice a day / week / month..
Hardly ever
Three times a day / week / month..
Never
Before the verb
After to be
Twelve times a day / week / month..
She often plays golf
They are always
hungry
Past
Simple
♦ Monosyllabic ending in 1 vowel+1 conson,
Stop—stopped
♦ 2 syllables & stress in the 2nd,
double consonant
Permit—permitted
♦ V ending in conson + y
i + ed
Study—studied
Vowel + y
+ ed
play - played
+
Suj + 2nd col
-
Suj + didn´t + verb
?
double conson
V+ -ed
I played
I sang
I didn´t play I didn´t sing
Did+ Suj + verb ? A+S+V ?
Did you play? Did you sing?
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Yesterday
last week/year
2 days ago
In 2002
in the 80s
when
then
Use
 Past and finished actions.
We visited the museum last week
 A series of completed actions in
the past
When I opened the door, the dog
barked at the postman.
 Past states.
The old lady lived in this house
in 1887
Past
Continuous
+
?
Was + V-ing
Were
I was playing
You were singing
I wasn´t playing
Suj + Wasn´t + V-ing
Weren´t
You weren´t singing
Was + Suj + V-ing Was I playing?
Were
Were you singing?
A+S+V ?
Was + V-ing
Suj +
Were
Time expressions:
While , as , last night / week ,
at 3 o´clock
I , He , She , It
Was/ wasn´t
You, we, they
Were/weren´t
Usos :
1. Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del
pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo en proceso). La acción comenzó
antes de dicho momento y seguramente continuó después.
Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas.
I was studying all day yesterday
Parece q la acción d estudiar
fue algo muy largo
I studied all day yesterday
Solamente informas, no quieres
dar la idea de cuánto tiempo
pasaste estudiando
2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo.
While you were reading the newspaper, I was doing my homework
3. Para la mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser interrumpida x una
mas breve.
I was walking by the street when it began to rain.
Present perfect
+
?
Have
Has
+
V-ed
3ª col
I have worked
She has written
I haven´t worked
She hasn´t written
Have you worked?
Has she written ?
A+S+V ?
Time expressions
Ever , never , yet , just ,
Already , lately , how long..?
For , since , in recent years
TIME EXPRESSIONS
•EVER :
(Interrogativas)(“alguna vez”) Entre el auxiliar y el verbo.
Have you ever been to London?
•NEVER : (“Nunca”) Siempre con el verbo afirmativa.
I have never seen a class like this.
•FOR : Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha durado una acción. (durante-desde hace)
I´ve known him for twenty years.
(Le conozco desde hace 20 años)
 DURING: + noun . Indica cuando ocurrió algo (not how long)
during our holiday
during the summer
during the night
•SINCE : Indica el momento o circunstancia concreta en que comenzó la acción.
I´ve known her since 1994.
(La conozco desde 1994)
•JUST : Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va entre el auxiliar y el verbo.
Have + just + Past Participle = “acabar de + infinitivo”
I´ve just washed my hair
( Me acabo de lavar el pelo).
•ALREADY : Va con oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo).( “ Ya” )
I´ve already seen that film
( Ya he visto esa película)
Have you already washed the dishes? (¿Ya has lavado los platos?)
•YET : Va con oraciones negativas e interrogativas. ( Al final de la frase)
Negativas. (aún,todavía). I haven´t found it yet. (Aún no lo he encontrado)
Interrogativas (“ya”)
Has the doctor come yet? (¿Ha venido ya el médico?)
 Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados que han ocurrido a
lo largo del tiempo sin especificar el momento.
I have eaten Chinese food many times
 Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan aunque empezaron
tiempo atrás.(Suele llevar “for” y “since” ). Las preguntas se hacen
con “How long..?”
I´ve lived here for five years
todavía vivo aquí)
( Vivo aquí desde hace 5 años-
 Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento indeterminado del
pasado y cuyo resultado podemos ver.
We´ve painted the kitchen
 Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir. Entonces añadimos
“just” entre el aux. y el verbo
The team has just scored a goal
CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT
Past Simple: acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del pasado.
When did Sam go to India? Last June
Present Perfect: experiencias que han ocurrido en algún momento
indeterminado.
Sam has been to India.
Past Simple: acciones completamente acabadas.
I lived in India in 1992.
Present Perfect: acciones que comenzaron en el pasado pero que continúan
en el
presente.
I´ve lived in India since 1992.
Past Simple: se acompaña de expresiones de tiempo pasado yesterday, 2
years ago.
Present Perfect: se acompaña con ever, never, yet, already….
Present perfect
of “to be”
Have been
Has been
+
V-ing
( llevar + gerundio)
+
?
I have been working
She has been studying
I haven´t been working
She hasn´t been studying
Have you been working ?
Has she been studying ?
Time expressions
For a year , since 2002 ,
how long..?
All day / night / week …
 An action that started in the past and which still continues in the
present. Or has recently stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el
tiempo que está durando la acción)
You´re out of breath. Have you been running?
She has been working here for 2 years
 Actions repeated over a period of time.
She´s been playing tennis since she was 8
 An action whose results are still apparent.
I´m still tired.. I have been studying all night
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
Period of time:
I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wet
Completed action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner now
The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going on
The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action
Continuous : For an activity that is still happening.
How long ?
How long have you been reading that book?
Simple : Completed actions.
How much? How many? How many times?
How many pages of the book have you read?
Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all day
Mary has written ten letters today.
•Non-continuous verbs: like, know, believe, etc. Not normally used in CONT
Live & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE
John has been living/has lived in London for a long time
With “always” we use the SIMPLE . John has always lived in London
Had +
+
-
V-ed
3ª col
I had worked
I hadn´t worked
?
Had you worked ?
A completed action which took place before another action in the past
By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started
Past
Perfect
Past
Present
Future
Past perfect
of “to be”
had been
+
V-ing
(llevaba + gerundio)
Time expressions
+
I had been
-
I hadn´t been
?
For hours , since last year
All morning , when , until , before
Had you been ?
Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que
otra acción breve también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una expresión
de tiempo de las del cuadro, o “although” , “because”.
We had been driving for 5 hours when we ran out of petrol.
 TO BE GOING TO + INFINITIVO
( Futuro de intención)
• Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes cercanos, o preguntar
a otros lo que han pensado hacer en un futuro próximo.
Next week I´m going to celebrate my birthday.
•Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia en el momento en
que hablamos.
Listen to the wind. It´s going to be a storm.
 FUTURE SIMPLE
will + inf
• Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el momento en que
hablamos
(ofrecimientos, peticiones, promesas, advertencias,
amenazas..)
I think you´ll learn this very quickly
The window is open. Don´t worry I´ll close it
•Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra opinión.
He won´t come.
Future de “to be” + V-ing
+
?
I will be studying
I won´t be studying
Will you be studying ?
An action in progress at a certain time in
the future
At this time next year, I will be studying
Law in Madrid
FUTURE perfect
+
?
V-ed
Future de “have” + 3ª col
I will have studied
I won´t have studied
Will you have studied?
Time expressions
Use
By this time next week,
by 10 o´clock…, In three months
A completed action at a certain time in the future.
By the end of June, we will have finished our exams
Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.
Use a present, past or future tense.
will help
1.When you get home from the shop, I ………………………
(help) you carry in the bags.
be speaking (speak) French very well.
2.By the end of the school year, I will
………………………
Did
pay
3.………………………
you ………………………
(pay) the water bill yesterday?
don’t usually eat
4.We ………………………
(not usually eat) a big meal in the evening.
was reaching
5.While he ………………………
knocked it over.
6.Next week, Emma
7.Today, our teacher
London.
(reach) for his cup of coffee, he accidentally
is going to visit
……………………… (visit) me.
/ is visiting
is taking /
………………………
is going to take
(take) us to the British Museum in
Reported speech
El estilo indirecto (reported speech) se usa para contar lo
sin citar exactamente sus palabras.
Podemos contar en presente lo que alguien acaba de de
Con quitar las comillas y cambiar el pronombre sujeto y
“ I am tired”
He says that he is tired
Pero lo normal es que el verbo que introduce la subordin
(say o tell, normalmente) vaya en pasado, y entonces el
es que el verbo de la subordinada da un salto atrás ( de
Past simple, de éste a past perfect, etc)
“I like noodles”
He said that he liked noodles
Además de suprimir las comillas y cambiar los tiempos
es necesario que hagamos algunos cambios en los pro
las expresiones de tiempo y de lugar.
La oración subordinada va introducida por “ that” , aun
se suele omitir.
Cuando la frase enuncia una verdad general no hay cam
verbales.
“Crime is punished by the law”, she said
She said that crime is punished by the law
Cambios en los tiempos verbales
Tense
Present simple
Direct Speech
“He works as an editor”
Present continuous “He is working as an
editor”
Tense
Indirect Speech
Past simple
He said that he worked as
an editor
Past
continuous
He said that he was working
as an editor
Past simple
“He worked as an editor”
Past perfect
He said that he had worked
as an editor
Past continuous
“He was working as an
editor”
Past perfect
continuous
He said that he had been
working as an editor
Present perfect
simple
“He has worked as an
editor”
Past perfect
He said that he had worked
as an editor
Present perfect
continuous
“He has been working as
an editor”
Present
perfect
continuous
He said that he had been
working as an editor
Past perfect
simple
“He had worked as an
editor”
Past perfect
simple
He said that he had worked
as an editor
Past perfect
continuous
“He had been working as
an editor”
Past perfect
continuous
He said that he had been
working as an editor
Future simple
“He will work as an
editor”
Would + infin.
He said that he would work
as an editor
Cambios en los modales
Can
Could
May
Might
Must / have to
Must / had to
Will
Would
Cambios en otras palabras
Now
Then
Today
That day
Tonight
That night
Yesterday
The previous day / the day before
Last week
The previous week / the week before
A month ago
The previous month / the month before
Tomorrow
The following day / the next day / the day after
Next week
The following week / the week after
Here
There
This
That
These
Those
Reported questions
Hay dos tipos de preguntas:
 LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”.
para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether.
Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay
inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas.
“Did you speak to John last night?” She asked
aux
suj
verb
She asked if / whether I had spoken to John the last night
 LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa (Wh- word)
Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo.
►Who told you that story? She asked
Sujeto → no aux
She asked who had told us that story
Who are you writing to? She asked
She asked who I was writing to
suj
► Where did you go last summer? He asked me
He asked me where I had gone the previous summer
suj
Reported orders
Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to.
Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como
Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto.
“Stop driving so fast”.
My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast.
Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to.
“Don´t tell anybody”
He begged me not to tell anybody
Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden
Suj+reporting verb+(not) + to infinitive
Agree
Offer
Promise
Refuse
Threaten
Suj+ reporting verb+ obj. Ind + (not) + to infinitive
He promised not to tell anyone
Advise
He begged her to sing it again
Ask
She advised them to study
Invite
harder
Order
Recommend
Remind
Warn
Beg
Reported suggestions
Las sugerencias se suelen expresar…
Let´s go to the cinema
Why don´t we go to the cinema?
Shall we go to the cinema?
Para pasar una sugerencia a estilo indirecto pondremos el sujeto + suggested.
Tiene dos construcciones:
 usando una oración introducida por that.
“Let´s watch the news” Tom suggested
Tom suggested that we (should) watch the news
 Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto.
“ Let´s phone the police inmediately”
He suggested phoning the police inmediately
“Let´s not argue again”, the teacher said
Suj+reporting verb+(not)+ V ing
Suggest
Apologize for
Deny
Recommend
The teacher suggested not arguing again
The teacher suggested that they(should) not argue again