Transcript HDF_APA Style Suggestions_Powerpoint

APA Style
Why is writing important
in HDF?
 Client Advocacy
 Learning about theories,
contexts, other people,
and ourselves
 Reflection and improved
practice
 Sharing knowledge
Types of documents
 Daily practice: E-mails, letters, newsletters, case
records, and reports
 Professional context: Literature reviews, papers,
and presentations
 Direct advocacy: funding applications, policy
proposals, media releases
“When we write, we reveal who we are.”
APA Style Provides
 Documentation guidelines
 Expectations for writing style, tone and organization
 Explicit (thesis up front with “map”)
 Concise
 Values standardization of papers
APA Writing Guides
 First Stop: URI library
guide
http://uri.libguides.co
m/hdf
 Second Stop: Purdue
OWL online
 Third Stop: APA
Publication Manual,
6th edition (2010)
 Fourth Stop: Writing
Center
APA Instructional Videos
The Basics
 www.youtube.com/pl
aylist?list=PL8F43A67
F38DE3D5D&feature=
edit_ok
Reference List
 http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=HpAOi
8WUY4&list=PL8F43A6
7F38DE3D5D&index=
2
Word Settings
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=KUjhwGmh
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Why cite using APA?
 Acknowledge & give
credit to those you’ve
learned from
 Build credibility for
yourself and for the
people you work with
 Guide readers to
further information
I
Why Else?
 Increase your grade
 Shows competence
 Understand what each other mean (we can’t all
have our own method of citing)
Cover Page
 Cover page
 Title (centered, upper ½ of page)
 Author’s name (1 double space below
title)
 Institutional affiliation or course
identification (1 double space below
author’s name)
Title
 The title of your paper should include 1-2 key concepts
and the target population pertaining to your paper
topic.
For example:
 “The Impacts of Parental Divorce on Young Children”
is better than….
 “Divorce Impacts”
Headings
 Provide an outline of your paper
 Use levels consecutively, always start with 1 then 2,
and work up.
Level of
Heading
Formatting of Heading
1
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
2
Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
3
Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
4
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
5
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
Other Key Things
 Double-spaced (everything! Even the References)
 1” margins on all sides
 12 pt. Times New Roman font or “clear font that is
highly readable”
 Page numbers in upper right corner
In-text citation:
When paraphrasing
 If you mention the author in the sentence, place the publication
year in parentheses directly after name:
 Walter (2000) found that the strengths perspective worked well
with…
 If you do not mention the author’s name in the sentence, save
parenthetical reference for the end & put in alphabetical order if
the statement applies to more than one resource.
 Quality of life domains for older adults, include health status,
personality, and personal autonomy (Bond & Corner, 2004)
 Many researchers have studied the strengths perspective
(Davis, 1998; Walter, 2000).
 Do not write out the title of the journal or the journal name
 This information is available in the References list.
Reference List
 Alphabetized by author last name
 Not numbered
 Different formats for
 Journal/scholarly articles
 Books
 Chapters in edited volumes
 Websites
 Print sources on the web
Journal Article Reference
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
(Year). Title of article in lower case letters unless
word is a Proper Noun or after a subtitle: Like this. Title of Periodical,
volume number(issue number), first page # - last
page #.
For Example:
Moylan, C.A., Herrenkohl, T.I., Sousa, C., Tajima,
E.A., Herrenkohl, R.C. & Russo, M.J. (2010). The
effects of child abuse and exposure to domestic
violence on adolescent internalizing and
externalizing behavior problems. Journal of
Family Violence, 25(1), 53-63.
Book Reference
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:
Capital letter also for subtitle. City, State:
Publisher.
* Government reports should look similar to this,
listing the author(s) if listed or the government agency
as the author.
But when it’s more
complicated??
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication).
Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location:
Publisher.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of
Newspaper. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/
Acronyms
 All acronyms need to be specified prior to the first
use.
According to the American Psychological Association
(APA), abbreviations are best used only when they
allow for clear communication with the audience.
 1-2 acronyms per paper is good
 More = too confusing
 None = perhaps less sophisticated
Short quotes
YOU MUST INCLUDE:
Author name, year, quote and page numbers.
 According to Jones (1998), "Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time" (p. 199).
Long Quotes
 Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a
free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit
quotation marks. Maintain double-spacing throughout.
The parenthetical citation should come after the closing
punctuation mark.
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many
students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask
their teacher for help. (p. 199)
In-text citation:
When using a direct quote
 Author in sentence:
 Miele (1993) found that “the placebo effect disappeared
when only the first group’s behaviors were modified” (p.
276).
 Author not in sentence:
 She stated that “The placebo effect disappeared when
behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p.
276).
Use of et al. for in-text
citations
 A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the
authors in the signal phrase (first citation) or in
parentheses the first time you cite the source.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
 In subsequent citations, only use the first author's
last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or
in parentheses.
 (Kernis et al., 1993)
**** In et al., et should not be followed by a period.
Question about Author?
 1st choice: Author Name
 2nd choice: Organization as Author
American Psychological Association. (2003).
 3rd choice: Unknown Author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993).
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author
named, use a shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use
quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of
the source above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993).
“I found something that
doesn’t match up.”
 Please note: While the APA manual provides many
examples of how to cite common types of sources, it
does not provide rules on how to cite all types of
sources. Therefore, if you have a source that APA
does not include, APA suggests that you find the
example that is most similar to your source and use
that format.
 AKA: Be consistent & importantly… do your best!!
Avoiding bias in language
(AKA, client-centered language)
 Be descriptive and specific:
 Describe individuals and groups as they describe themselves.
 Find alternatives to the generic he and man.
 Age: be specific and avoid pejorative terms (e.g. elderly)
 Person-first language:
 person with neurosis
 person who lives with bipolar disorder
 Racial & ethnic groups are capitalized
 Black rather than black; White rather than white etc.
 Sexual orientation rather than sexual preference
 Sex is biological; gender is social.
Verb Usage - Language
 Use past tense in literature review and to present your
results:
 Sanchez (2004) reported that…
 We found that 65% of the participants adopted more
formal speech…
 Use present tense to discuss or synthesize:
 Overall analysis suggests that…
 The majority of researchers seem to support the
hypothesis…
Verb Usage - Language
 Passive and active voice
 Verbs are vigorous, direct communicators!
 Prefer the active voice
 The survey was conducted in a controlled setting.
(passive)
 We conducted the survey in a controlled setting.
(active)
 Use passive voice judiciously to focus the object or
recipient of action rather than the actor
 The speakers were attached to either side of the
chair.
Numbers:
Expressed as #’s
 Numbers 10 and above
 Numbers below 10 grouped for comparison with
numbers 10 and above
 Numbers preceding a unit of measurement or
statistical function, such as 25.6%.
 Numbers representing time, date, age,
population size, etc.
 Numbers in series, such as Table 1, Chapter 7,
etc.
Numbers:
Expressed as words
 Numbers below 10
 Zero and one when words would be easier to
comprehend than numerals
 Any number that begins a title, text heading, or
sentence
 Common fractions (two-thirds)
 Numbers expressing approximate lengths of
time (about three hours)
Punctuation
 Use commas between all elements of a series:
A, B, and C.
 Use comma to set off the year in dates and in
parenthetical reference citations, as in
(Thompson, 2009).
 Use a semicolon to separate elements in a series
already containing commas, as in (Thompson,
2009; Zander, 2010)