Transcript Clauses and Sentences

Grammar II
Clauses and Sentences
Brief Teaching
 Phrase: a group of words, generally begun with a preposition
 Clause: a group of words with a subject and verb
 Independent clause: will make a complete thought if removed
from the sentence
 Dependent clause: will not make a complete thought if
removed from the sentence (depends on the other clause for
meaning.
ID Clauses > S/V
 Darkness blanketed the countryside, and stars twinkled into
sight.
 Here is the spot where I had my accident.
 Luke is leaving next Wednesday if he can take time off from
work.
Answers
 [Darkness blanketed the countryside], and [stars twinkled
(into sight)].
 [Here is the spot] [where I had my accident].
 [Luke is leaving (next Wednesday)] [if he can take time off
(from work)].
Connecting Clauses
 Independent Clauses: conjunctions are NOT part of the
clause
 , FANBOYS
;
 Dependent Clauses: ARE part of the clause
 Subordinate conjunctions
 Dependent clause, independent clause
After the game, we went to dinner.
 Independent clause dependent clause
We went to dinner after the game.
 Relative pronouns
 Who, whom, which, what, that (may be subjects)
Subordinate Conjunctions













Although
as
as if
Because
Even if
how
If
Lest
Now that
Since
Till
Unless
When
Where
after
as long as as much as
Before
even though
as soon as as though
in order that
inasmuch
provided that
so that
though
until
whenever
wherever
whether
while
as if
ID Clauses > S/V
 Gardenias grew near the elm tree and roses grew beside the
driveway.
 If you hold the door open too long, the alarm will sound.
 Lisa hung pictures of Harry Potter characters in her little
sister’s bedroom.
 The girl whom you like is her daughter.
Explanations and Answers
 [Gardenias grew (near the elm tree)] and [roses grew
(beside the driveway)].
 [If you hold the door open too long], [the alarm will
sound].
 [Lisa hung pictures (of Harry Potter characters) (in her little
sister’s bedroom)].
 The girl [whom you like] is her daughter.
Fragments and Run-Ons
 Fragment—an incomplete sentence
 Subject or verb is missing:
The girls to the store.
 Dependent clause > incomplete thought:
Because it rained
 Run-On Sentence:
 An over-fused sentence that puts 2+ complete sentences
together in one sentence without separating them properly.
Independent Clauses
 Are connected with , FANBOYS
 For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
 Ind. Clause 1, FANBOYS Ind Clause 2
 FANBOYS are NOT part of the clause
 He was very tired, so he went to bed.
 The game was nearly lost, but the team made a miracle
comeback in the closing seconds.
Subordinate (Dependent) Clauses
 Begin with subordinate conjunctions or relative pronouns
 These ARE part of the clause
 Because it rained, I used my umbrella.
 The pizza that you ate so quickly before I could say anything was over 3
weeks old!
 Cause / Effect: because, since, so that
 Comparison / Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas,




while
Place & Manner: how, however, where, wherever
Possibility / Conditions: if, whether, unless
Relation: that, which, who, whom
Time: after, as, before, since, when, whenever, while, until
Fixing Run-Ons
Add a semicolon between the two ind clauses
2) Add comma, FANBOYS b/w two ind clauses
3) Make one clause dependent
1)
 SAT Part 1
 SAT Part 2
• Maximum three clauses per sentence until college
 Maximum three uses of semi-colons this year
ID Clauses > S/V
 Mom says that I can’t go with you until I get my homework
done.
 Whenever the road is slippery, drive more cautiously.
 Young hopefuls lined the waiting room, but nobody noticed
them.
 The old tractor was still the most dependable of the lot.
Explanations
 [Mom says] [that I can’t go (with you)] [until I get my
homework done].
 [Whenever the road is slippery], [(you) drive more
cautiously].
 [Young hopefuls lined the waiting room], but [nobody
noticed them].
 [The old tractor was still the most dependable (of the lot)].
ID Clauses > S/V
 Whales shouldered the waves and dripped rivers.
 Gina will arrive today, but Carl will not be here until
Saturday.
 It looks as if it might rain, but I will still not bring an
umbrella.
 Although you may not like vegetables or milk, they are each
very good for overall health.
 Over the hills and through the woods, it’s to grandmother’s
house that we go.
Explanations
 [Whales shouldered the waves and dripped rivers].
 [Gina will arrive today], but [Carl will not be here (until
Saturday)].
 [It looks] [as if it might rain], but [I will still not bring an
umbrella].
 [Although you may not like vegetables or milk], [they are
each very good (for overall health)].
 [(Over the hills) and (through the woods), it’s (to grandmother’s
house)] [that we go].
Simple Sentences
 sentence with one independent clause
 May have compound subjects or verbs
 I kicked the ball.
I went (to the store) (by the bridge) (near the river) (on
Wednesday) (in the afternoon).
The man (from Alexandria) lifted a box, carried it (to his
room), and quickly slept (in his bed)!
Compound Sentences
 Contain two or more independent clauses connected by
 Conjunction: [I called], and [he answered the phone].
 FANBOYS
 Correlative Conjunctions
 either/or Either [you do your homework] or [you don’t].
neither/nor
not only/but also
 Semicolon: [Mrs. Smith teaches history, global issues, and Model UN]; [Mr. Bob teaches art
and drama].
Complex Sentences
 Contain one independent clause AND one or more dependent clauses
 Introduced by subordinate conjunctions or relative pronouns
 THESE WORDS ARE PART OF THE CLAUSE!
 Relative pronouns except for whom may be subjects!
 [If you want to go to Harvard], [you will need strong grades and
SAT scores].
 The girl [whom you called] is my neighbor.
ID Clauses > S/V
 Stop the car when you come to a red light.
 Lower automobile speeds result in better fuel mileage, but
only up to a point.
 Pewter and silver tarnish easily and need polishing often.
 After much internal debate, Sean, through a discussion with
his father, decided to run a marathon.
 This figure was carved by Daniel Chester French, and it is
deeply impressive.
Explanations
 CX: [(you) Stop the car] [when you come (to a red light)].
 S: [Lower automobile speeds result (in better fuel mileage), but
only (to a point)].
 S: [Pewter and silver tarnish easily and need polishing often].
 S: [(After much internal debate), Sean, (through a discussion) (with
his father), decided to run a marathon].
 CD: [This figure was carved (by Daniel Chester French)], and [it
is deeply impressive].
ID Clauses > S/V
 The number of objects that have landed on earth is unknown.
 In any world at any time, I neither could nor would ever love
anything of that type of cruelty or, for that matter, silliness as
well.
Explanations
 CX: The number (of objects) [that have landed (on Earth)] is
unknown.
 S: [(In any world) (at any time), I neither could nor would ever
love anything (of that type) (of either cruelty or silliness)].
ID Clauses > S/V
 If I had talent with a hammer, I would surely be a carpenter
or a construction worker because it’s a fun tool and, when I
work with one, I never feel as if I am actually working.
 In the middle of the second page is a very small paragraph
about the contradictions in Puritan life.
Explanations
 CX: [If I had talent (with a hammer)], [I would surely be a
carpenter or a construction worker] [because it’s a fun tool] and,
[when I work (with one)], [I never feel] [as if I am actually
working].
 S: [(In the middle) (of the second page) is a very small paragraph
(about the contradictions) (in Puritan life)].
ID Clauses > S/V
 These are all sayings that are meant as compliments.
 Some albino elephants are a pale yellowish-gray with pink
spots.
Explanations
 CX: [These are all sayings] [that are meant as compliments].
 S: [Some albino elephants are a pale yellowish-gray (with pink
spots).]
ID Clauses > S/V
 During last night's game, the bases were loaded, and Bob hit
a grand slam.
 Older television sets had tubes; the newest models, which
take less space, are digital televisions.
Explanations
 [(During last night's game), each of the bases) was loaded], and [Bob
hit a grand slam (out of the park) (to the delight) (of the tens) (of
thousands) (of fans)!]
 [Older television sets had tubes]; [the newest models, [which take
less space], are digital televisions].
ID Clauses > S/V
 Because of rain, the baseball game was postponed.
 Joe and his brother went fishing last weekend and caught lots
of fish.
Explanations
 S: Because (of rain), the baseball game was postponed.
 S: Joe and his brother went fishing last weekend and
caught lots (of fish).