Transcript Chapter 12x - HCC Learning Web

Noun Clauses
Chapter 12
Introduction
• A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.
• An independent clause can stand as a complete sentence.
– Sue lives in Tokyo
• A dependent clause has a s + v, but is not a complete sentence.
– Where Sue lives
Noun Clause
• Below is a complete sentence with an independent clause (I know) and a
dependent clause (where Sue lives):
– I know where Sue lives.
– Where Sue lives is a noun clause
• A noun clause has the same use in a sentence as a noun: it is used as an object or a
subject.
Noun Clause Examples
• I know what he said.
– What he said is the object of know
• What he said is true.
– What he said is the subject of is
Practice
Find the noun clause. One sentence does not have a noun clause.
• My friend told me that she rented a bike in Paris.
• That she was willing to ride a bike in the city traffic impressed me.
• I wondered how she was able to rent the bike.
• She told me that it was easy.
• Where did you go to rent the bike?
• She told me where she went to rent the bike.
• I asked her what she paid to rent the bike.
Practice Answers
• My friend told me that she rented a bike in Paris.
• That she was willing to ride a bike in the city traffic impressed me.
• I wondered how she was able to rent the bike.
• She told me that it was easy.
• Where did you go to rent the bike? (No Noun Clause)
• She told me where she went to rent the bike.
• I asked her what she paid to rent the bike.
Practice
• Complete Exercises 2 & 3, p. 243
Noun Clauses Beginning with Question Words
• In a noun clause, the subject precedes (comes before) the verb. Do not use usual
question word order in a noun clause:
• I don’t know where she lives.
Vs.
Where does she live?
• I couldn’t hear what she said.
Vs.
What did she say?
• Do you know when they arrive?
Vs.
When do they arrive?
Noun Clauses Beginning with Question Words
• If who is the subject of both a question and a noun clause, the word order will be
the same:
– I don’t know who lives there.
– Who lives there?
• If another noun is the subject of the question, who is placed in front of the verb in
the noun clause:
– Who are those men? I don’t know who those men are.
– Whose house is that? I don’t know whose house that is.
Noun Clauses Beginning with Question Words
• A question word noun clause can also be the subject of a sentence:
– What she said surprised me.
– Where he got married was very pretty.
• A question word noun clause used as a subject takes a singular verb:
– What they should do is obvious.
– What my classes are studying has to be clear.
Practice
• Complete Exercises 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, p. 244 - 247
Noun Clauses Beginning with Whether/If
• When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, whether or if is used to
introduce the clause:
– Will she come?
• I don’t know whether she will come.
• I don’t know if she will come.
– Does he need help?
• I wonder whether he needs help.
• I wonder if he needs help.
Noun Clauses Beginning with Whether/If
• Or not can be added to whether/if clauses. It does not change the meaning.
• With whether it can come directly after whether or at the end of the clause:
– I wonder whether or not he will come.
– I wonder whether he will come or not.
• With if it comes after the clause:
– I wonder if he will come or not.
– NOT: I wonder if or not he will come.
Noun Clauses Beginning with Whether/If
• Whether/if clauses can also be used as subjects:
– Whether she comes (or not) is unimportant to me.
– If he passes (or not) is very important for his future.
Practice
• Exercises 14 and 18, p. 249-250
Question Words Followed by Infinitives
• Question words may be followed by an infinitive (to + verb):
– I don’t know what I should do = I don’t know what to do.
– Please tell me how I can get to the bus station = Please tell me how to get to the bus
station.
– Jim told us where we could find it = Jim told us where to find it.
• Notice that the meaning expressed by the infinitive = should or can/could
Practice
• Complete Exercises 21 and 22, p. 252
Noun Clauses Beginning with That
• A noun clause beginning with THAT is often used as an object for many verbs
(see p. 253 for a longer list):
– Agree that
– Believe that
– Forget that
feel that
learn that
promise that
know that
say that
• I think that Bob will come.
• I believe that my students will pass.
• I know that you need to study to pass the test.
• *In speaking, THAT is often dropped
– I think Bob will come.
– He agrees we should open the store.
– I think you will pass.
remember that
decide that
Practice
• Complete Exercise 24, p. 254
Noun Clauses Beginning with THAT
• Person + be + Adjective + THAT clause
• THAT clauses commonly follow certain adjectives when the subject refers to a
person or people (see p. 253 for a longer list):
• Afraid
certain
happy
sorry
amazed
• Confident
surprised
worried
glad
angry
• Proud
aware
Noun Clauses Beginning with THAT
• Examples:
• I am aware that you don’t understand.
• Sarah is glad that her team won the game.
• Hank and Jenna are disappointed that they can’t go on vacation.
Practice
• Choose 5 questions from Exercise 25, p. 254.
• Write an answer for the 5 questions
• Use person + be + adjective + that clause in your answers
Noun Clause Beginning with THAT
• It + be + adjective + that clause
• Sentences that begin with IT IS + ADJ commonly have a THAT noun clause (see p.
253 for a longer list)
• It’s amazing It’s interesting It’s obvious
It’s true
• It’s clear
It’s surprising
It’s likely
It’s possible
Noun Clauses Beginning with THAT
• Examples:
• It’s nice that you want to help your sister.
• It’s lucky that we saw you before you left.
• It’s good that your teacher looks like Brad Pitt.
Practice
• Write a sentence describing something that is:
– Amazing
– Strange
– Important
– Surprising
– Use the it’s + adj + that clause sentence pattern
Noun Clauses Beginning with THAT
• THAT clause as a subject:
– It is possible, but uncommon, for THAT clauses to be used as the subject of a sentence.
The word THAT is not omitted in this situation:
• That Ann likes her new job is clear.
• That we have to walk to class everyday is a big disadvantage.
– Usually, the THAT clause will begin with the fact that or it is a fact that:
• The fact that Ann likes her new job is clear.
• It is a fact that walking to class everyday is a big disadvantage.
Practice
• Complete Exercise 26, p. 254
Reported Speech
• Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone else has
said. It is NOT a direct quotation and no quotation marks are used:
• Quotation: He said, “You have to complete your homework.”
• Reported Speech: He said (that) you have to complete your homework.
– THAT is often dropped, but it is correct both ways.
Reported Speech
• If the reporting verb (the main verb of the sentence – said, thought, heard, etc.) is
simple past, the verb in the noun clause will usually also be in a past form (see p.
261 for all verb forms):
• I watch TV everyday =
She said she watched TV everyday.
• I am watching TV
=
She said she was watching TV.
• I watched TV
=
She said she had watched TV.
• I will watch TV
=
She said she would watch TV.
Reported Speech
• Exceptions:
• I may watch TV
=
She said she might (may) watch TV.
– MAY often gets changed to MIGHT
Reported Speech
• More Exceptions
• Should, ought to, might do not change:
• I should watch TV
=
She said she should watch TV.
• I might watch TV
=
She may/might watch TV.
• I ought to watch TV
=
She said she ought to watch TV.
Reported Speech
• In informal/spoken English, sometimes no change is made in the noun clause
verb, especially if the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it
was said:
• Immediate:
– The teacher just said he wants us to read Chapter 6.
– John just told me he is skipping the next class.
• Later:
– Last week, the teacher said he wanted us to read Chapter 6.
– Yesterday, John told me he was skipping the next class.
Reported Speech
• The present tense verb is used when the reported speech deals with a general
truth:
• The world is round
=
She said the world is round.
• It often rains in March
=
She said it often rains in March.
• Basset Hounds are lazy dogs. =
She said Basset Hounds are lazy dogs.
Reported Speech
• When the reporting verb is simple present (says, etc.), present perfect (has said),
or future (will say, etc.), the noun clause verb does not change.
• I watch TV every day.
• Does she watch a lot of tv? She says she watches TV every day.
• Has she said whether or not she watches a lot of TV? She has said she watches
TV every day.
• What will her answer be if I ask her how much TV she watches? She will say she
watches TV every day.
Reported Speech
• An imperative sentence is changed to an infinitive. TELL is used instead of SAY
as the reporting verb:
• Watch TV.
=
She told me to watch TV.
• Please be quiet.
=
She told me to be quiet.
• *TELL is followed immediately by an object.
Practice
• Complete Exercise 37, p. 262 – evens only
• Complete Exercise 40, p. 264
• Complete Exercise 42, p. 265
Using –ever words
• The following –ever words give the idea of “any”:
• Whoever
– Whoever wants to come is welcome.
– Anyone that wants to come is welcome.
• Whatever
– He always says whatever he thinks.
– He always says anything he thinks.
• Whenever
– You may leave whenever you wish.
– You may leave any time you wish.
Using –ever Words
• Wherever
– She can go wherever she wants to.
– She can go anywhere she wants to.
• However
– Students may dress however they please.
– Students can dress any way they please.
Practice
• Complete Exercise 49, p. 269
• Complete Exercise 44, p. 266
• Complete Chapter 12 Review Packet